Impact of Tourist Behavior on the Discharge of Sunscreen Contamination in Aquatic Parks, Sinkholes, and Beaches of the Mexican Caribbean

Applied Sciences

Diego Armando Casas-Beltrán¹  Jesús Alvarado-Flores¹  Rosa María Leal-Bautista¹  Courtney Maloof Gallaher²  Emely Hernandez-Yac²  Melissa Lenczewski³  Karelys Febles-Moreno⁴ 

[1] Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Cancún CP 77524, Mexico;Department of Geographic and Atmospheric Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA;Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA;Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico, Ponce, PR 00717, USA;

关键词: sunscreen pollution;    social perceptions;    water contamination;    environmental assessments;   

DOI  :  10.3390/app11156882

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The Mexican Caribbean is part of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, considered the second largest reef system globally. This system, as well as inland aquatic ecosystems, are at risk of contamination due to the intensive use of sunscreen by the tourists who visit the Riviera Maya each year. At present, the regulation and management of sunscreens are inconsistent, with most policies and legislation focused on the protected marine areas with little current focus on inland aquatic ecosystems. An estimated 229.76 tons of sunscreen are used annually, with residues putting the health of the marine and freshwater aquatic ecosystems and residents at risk. Groundwater is used recreationally (e.g., tourists swimming in sinkholes or cenotes) and as household drinking water. To understand the environmental impacts of sunscreen use and the management implications, a mixed-methods study was carried out, combining survey and interview data on how tourists use sunscreen and their perceptions of discharge of sunscreens into the water, with analysis of regional, national and international policies and legislation. Our findings of touristic behaviors, gaps in current legislation, and the pollution implications of different sunscreen types provide useful information for future decision-making and the creation of stronger environmental regulations.

【 授权许可】

Unknown