Emerging Biomarkers in Thyroid Practice and Research

Cancers

Chan-Kwon Jung¹  Shipra Agarwal²  Andrey Bychkov³ 

[1] Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110608, India;Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa 296-8602, Chiba, Japan;

关键词: thyroid cancer;    molecular;    liquid biopsy;    targeted therapy;    immunohistochemistry;    tumor microenvironment;   

DOI  :  10.3390/cancers14010204

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent developments in molecular biological techniques have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of thyroid neoplasms. This has culminated in the updating of thyroid tumor classification, including the re-categorization of existing and introduction of new entities. In this review, we discuss various molecular biomarkers possessing diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and therapeutic roles in thyroid cancer. A comprehensive account of epigenetic dysregulation, including DNA methylation, the function of various microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, germline mutations determining familial occurrence of medullary and non-medullary thyroid carcinoma, and single nucleotide polymorphisms predisposed to thyroid tumorigenesis has been provided. In addition to novel immunohistochemical markers, including those for neuroendocrine differentiation, and next-generation immunohistochemistry (BRAF V600E, RAS, TRK, and ALK), the relevance of well-established markers, such as Ki-67, in current clinical practice has also been discussed. A tumor microenvironment (PD-L1, CD markers) and its influence in predicting responses to immunotherapy in thyroid cancer and the expanding arena of techniques, including liquid biopsy based on circulating nucleic acids and plasma-derived exosomes as a non-invasive technique for patient management, are also summarized.

【 授权许可】

Unknown