Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow’s milk allergy in infants and children – common misconceptions revisited

World Allergy Organization Journal

Fawaz AlRefaee¹  Jarungchit Ngamphaiboon²  Lanlan Geng³  Sitang Gong³  Christina Ong⁴  Ralf G. Heine⁵  Julie C. De Leon⁶  Prashant Bachina⁷  José Armando Madrazo⁸  Jossie M. Rogacion⁹ 

[1]Al Adan Hospital, Ministry of Health

[2]Chualalongkorn University

[3]Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University

[4]KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Duke-NUS Medical School

[5]Murdoch Childrens Research Institute

[6]Philippine Society of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Philippine Medical Association

[7]Rainbow Children’s Hospital

[8]Universidad National Autonoma de México, Hospital Infantil Privado Star Médica

[9]University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital

关键词: Malabsorption;    Carbohydrate;    Enteropathy;    Cow’s milk allergy;    Celiac disease;    Gastroenteritis;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s40413-017-0173-0

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Abstract Lactose is the main carbohydrate in human and mammalian milk. Lactose requires enzymatic hydrolysis by lactase into D-glucose and D-galactose before it can be absorbed. Term infants express sufficient lactase to digest about one liter of breast milk daily. Physiological lactose malabsorption in infancy confers beneficial prebiotic effects, including the establishment of Bifidobacterium-rich fecal microbiota. In many populations, lactase levels decline after weaning (lactase non-persistence; LNP). LNP affects about 70% of the world’s population and is the physiological basis for primary lactose intolerance (LI). Persistence of lactase beyond infancy is linked to several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lactase gene promoter region on chromosome 2. Primary LI generally does not manifest clinically before 5 years of age. LI in young children is typically caused by underlying gut conditions, such as viral gastroenteritis, giardiasis, cow’s milk enteropathy, celiac disease or Crohn’s disease. Therefore, LI in childhood is mostly transient and improves with resolution of the underlying pathology. There is ongoing confusion between LI and cow’s milk allergy (CMA) which still leads to misdiagnosis and inappropriate dietary management. In addition, perceived LI may cause unnecessary milk restriction and adverse nutritional outcomes. The treatment of LI involves the reduction, but not complete elimination, of lactose-containing foods. By contrast, breastfed infants with suspected CMA should undergo a trial of a strict cow’s milk protein-free maternal elimination diet. If the infant is not breastfed, an extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula and strict cow’s milk avoidance are the standard treatment for CMA. The majority of infants with CMA can tolerate lactose, except when an enteropathy with secondary lactase deficiency is present.

【 授权许可】

Unknown