Boosted Trees Algorithm as Reliable Spectrum Sensing Scheme in the Presence of Malicious Users

Electronics

Zafar Khalil¹  MuhammadSajjad Khan²  Atif Elahi²  Noor Gul²  SuMin Kim³  Junsu Kim³ 

[1] Department of Computer Science, Northern University, Nowshera 24110, Pakistan;Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;Department of Electronics Engineering, Korea Polytechnic University, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Korea;

关键词: cognitive radio;    machine learning;    genetic algorithm;    cooperative communication;    particle swarm optimization;    boosted trees algorithm;   

DOI  :  10.3390/electronics9061038

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) has the ability to accurately identify the activities of the primary users (PUs). As the secondary users’ (SUs) sensing performance is disturbed in the fading and shadowing environment, therefore the CSS is a suitable choice to achieve better sensing results compared to individual sensing. One of the problems in the CSS occurs due to the participation of malicious users (MUs) that report false sensing data to the fusion center (FC) to misguide the FC’s decision about the PUs’ activity. Out of the different categories of MUs, Always Yes (AY), Always No (AN), Always Opposite (AO) and Random Opposite (RO) are of high interest these days in the literature. Recently, high sensing performance for the CSS can be achieved using machine learning techniques. In this paper, boosted trees algorithm (BTA) has been proposed for obtaining reliable identification of the PU channel, where the SUs can access the PU channel opportunistically with minimum disturbances to the licensee. The proposed BTA mitigates the spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) effects of the AY, AN, AO and RO categories of the MUs. BTA is an ensemble method for solving spectrum sensing problems using different classifiers. It boosts the performance of some weak classifiers in the combination by giving higher weights to the weak classifiers’ sensing decisions. Simulation results verify the performance improvement by the proposed algorithm compared to the existing techniques such as genetic algorithm soft decision fusion (GASDF), particle swarm optimization soft decision fusion (PSOSDF), maximum gain combination soft decision fusion (MGCSDF) and count hard decision fusion (CHDF). The experimental setup is conducted at different levels of the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), total number of cooperative users and sensing samples that show minimum error probability results for the proposed scheme.

【 授权许可】

Unknown