Toxics | |
Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada | |
Alejandra Cantoral1  Rivka Green2  Christine Till2  Pierre Ayotte3  AshleyJ. Malin4  RobertO. Wright4  Bruce Lanphear5  E.Angeles Martinez-Mier6  MarthaM. Tellez-Rojo7  | |
[1] Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, 01219 Ciudad de México, Mexico;Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;School of Public Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100 Cuernavaca, Mexico; | |
关键词: urinary fluoride; childhood; Mexico; Canada; | |
DOI : 10.3390/toxics8040110 | |
来源: DOAJ |
【 摘 要 】
Fluoride, which may be toxic to the developing brain, is added to salt in Mexico and drinking water in Canada to prevent dental caries. We compared childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations in Mexico City and Canada to characterize patterns of fluoride exposure in these two populations. We also examined associations of CUF with dietary and water fluoride levels in Mexico City and Canada respectively. We included 561 children (ages 4–6; mean age 4.8 years) from the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) cohort in Mexico City, and 626 children (ages 2–6; mean age 3.7 years) from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. We applied Spearman correlations, T-tests, ANOVA or covariate-adjusted linear regression to examine associations of CUF (mg/L; adjusted for specific gravity) with demographics and dietary or water fluoride concentrations. We used Welch equivalence testing to compare means across cohorts. Mean (SD) CUF was equivalent in PROGRESS: 0.74 (0.42) and fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.79 (0.71), but lower in non-fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.55 (0.60), t (276) = −6.02, p < 0.001). In MIREC, mean (SD) CUF was higher in males: 0.79 (0.74) than females: 0.54 (0.58), p < 0.001; no sex differences were observed in PROGRESS (p = 0.97). Water fluoride concentrations were significantly associated with CUF after covariate adjustment for age and sex in MIREC (B = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.61, p = 0.005). In contrast, daily food and beverage fluoride intake was not associated with CUF in PROGRESS (p = 0.82). We found that CUF levels are comparable among children in Mexico City and fluoridated Canadian communities, despite distinct sources of exposure. Community water fluoridation is a major source of fluoride exposure for Canadian children. Further studies are needed to clarify whether higher CUF in older children reflects different exposure patterns, sources of exposure, or age-related toxicokinetics.
【 授权许可】
Unknown