Unanswered Questions Regarding Sex and BMP/TGF-β Signaling

Journal of Developmental Biology

卷:6

MelissaB. Rogers¹  TapanA. Shah² 

[1] Molecular Genetics, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;

[2] Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School, Microbiology, Biochemistry, &

关键词: BMP;    TGF-β;    signaling;    sex;    chromosomes;    XIST;    genomic imprinting;    hormones;    fibrosis;   

DOI  :  10.3390/jdb6020014

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Crosstalk between the BMP and TGF-β signaling pathways regulates many complex developmental processes from the earliest stages of embryogenesis throughout adult life. In many situations, the two signaling pathways act reciprocally. For example, TGF-β signaling is generally pro-fibrotic, whereas BMP signaling is anti-fibrotic and pro-calcific. Sex-specific differences occur in many diseases including cardiovascular pathologies. Differing ratios of fibrosis and calcification in stenotic valves suggests that BMP/TGF-β signaling may vary in men and women. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the interplay between sex and BMP/TGF-β signaling and pose several unanswered questions.

【 授权许可】

Unknown