Verification Analysis of Volume Flow Measured by a Direct Method and by Two Indirect CO2 Balance Methods

Applied Sciences

卷:12

David Janke¹  El-Hadj Moustapha Doumbia¹  Christian Ammon¹  Thomas Amon¹  Sabrina Hempel¹  Barbara Amon²  Diliara Willink³  Anke Römer⁴ 

[1] Department Livestock Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;

[2] Department Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;

[3] Lidl Digital Trading GmbH & Co. KG, Stiftsbergstrasse 1, 74172 Neckarsulm, Germany;

[4] State Research Center of Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (LFA), Dorfplatz 1/OT Gülzow, 18276 Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany;

关键词: naturally ventilated dairy barn;    long-term measurements;    CO2 mass balance;    wind measurement;    regression analysis;    bias adjustment;   

DOI  :  10.3390/app12105203

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Ammonia and greenhouse gases have a negative impact on the environment. The most important agricultural sources of ammonia are dairy cattle housing systems, which are mainly naturally ventilated. Estimating emissions for naturally ventilated barns (NVB) is challenging due to the large number of influencing factors. Most notably, the direct coupling of the inside flow regime with ambient and turbulent weather conditions causes difficulties in measuring ventilation rates, gas concentrations and emissions; thus, different methods are available. In this study, we compared the outputs of total volume flow obtained by two indirect methods (CO${}_2$ mass balance) to the direct method. The latter we assume in this study as the reference method since it is a fundamental approach that estimates airflow on the inlet. In the context of mass balancing, we compared wind related (sampling method 1) and non-wind related (sampling method 2) approaches for measuring CO${}_2$ concentrations. The total volume flow calculations were based on hourly measurements of CO${}_2$ concentrations obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Data were collected over a period of six months. The values of the total volume flow were filtered for prevailing southern winds (90${}^{\circ }$ angle). The wind related method (sampling method 1) in stable cross-inflow conditions produces more accurate and realistic values in terms of the general representation of the values in comparison with direct method and can be considered further for measurements of volume flow in the NVBs.

【 授权许可】

Unknown