Processing Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation of “Lead-Free” Piezoceramics: A KNN-Based Case Study

Materials

卷:14

Antonio Iacomini¹  Gabriele Mulas¹  Sebastiano Garroni¹  Stefano Enzo¹  Marzia Mureddu¹  Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos²  Irem Urgen²  Carlos Rumbo² 

[1] Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari and INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;

[2] International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials—ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain;

关键词: lead-free piezoceramics;    sodium potassium niobate;    processing;    toxicity assays;    X-ray diffraction;    mechanochemistry;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ma14154337

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Due to the ever-increasing limitations of the use of lead-based materials, the manufacturing of lead-free piezoceramics with competitive piezoelectric properties and established nontoxicity is considered a priority for the scientific and industrial community. In this work, a lead-free system based on sodium potassium niobate (KNN), opportunely modified with MgNb₂O₆ (MN), was prepared through a combination of a mechanochemical activation method and air sintering, and its toxicity was evaluated. The effect of the mechanical processing on the microstructure refinement of the processed powders was established by X-ray diffraction and the average crystallite size content of the Nb₂O₅ species was evaluated. The experimental evidence was rationalized using a phenomenological model which permitted us to obtain the amount of powder processed at each collision and to optimize the activation step of the pre-calcined reagents. This influenced the final density and piezoresponse of the as-sintered pellets, which showed optimal properties compared with other KNN systems. Their toxicological potential was evaluated through exposure experiments to the pulverized KNN-based pellets, employing two widely used human and environmental cellular models. The in vitro assays proved, under the selected conditions, the absence of cytotoxicity of KNN-bases systems here studied.

【 授权许可】

Unknown