Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on neuromuscular junctions and mitochondria in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of mice—the role of iNOS

Skeletal Muscle

M. Bertoune¹  S. Maus¹  G. A. Bonaterra¹  R. Kinscherf¹  W. Hildebrandt¹  L. I. Bannow¹  R. Schulz²  N. Weissmann³  S. Kraut³ 

[1] Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany;Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Clinic, Wiesbaden, Germany;Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany;

关键词: Denervation;    Muscle atrophy;    Mitochondria;    Fiber type;    Oxidative stress;    Neuromuscular junction;    iNOS;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s13395-022-00288-7

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) imposes vascular and metabolic risks through chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and impairs skeletal muscle performance. As studies addressing limb muscles are rare, the reasons for the lower exercise capacity are unknown. We hypothesize that CIH-related morphological alterations in neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) and mitochondrial integrity might be the cause of functional disorders in skeletal muscles.MethodsMice were kept under 6 weeks of CIH (alternating 7% and 21% O2 fractions every 30 s, 8 h/day, 5 days/week) compared to normoxia (NOX). Analyses included neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) postsynaptic morphology and integrity, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and composition (ATPase), mitochondrial ultrastructure (transmission-electron-microscopy), and relevant transcripts (RT-qPCR). Besides wildtype (WT), we included inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice (iNOS−/−) to evaluate whether iNOS is protective or risk-mediating.ResultsIn WT soleus muscle, CIH vs. NOX reduced NMJ size (− 37.0%, p < 0.001) and length (− 25.0%, p < 0.05) together with fiber CSA of type IIa fibers (− 14%, p < 0.05) and increased centronucleated fiber fraction (p < 0.001). Moreover, CIH vs. NOX increased the fraction of damaged mitochondria (1.8-fold, p < 0.001). Compared to WT, iNOS−/− similarly decreased NMJ area and length with NOX (− 55%, p < 0.001 and − 33%, p < 0.05, respectively) or with CIH (− 37%, p < 0.05 and − 29%, p < 0.05), however, prompted no fiber atrophy. Moreover, increased fractions of damaged (2.1-fold, p < 0.001) or swollen (> 6-fold, p < 0.001) mitochondria were observed with iNOS−/− vs. WT under NOX and similarly under CIH. Both, CIH- and iNOS−/− massively upregulated suppressor-of-cytokine-signaling-3 (SOCS3) > 10-fold without changes in IL6 mRNA expression. Furthermore, inflammatory markers like CD68 (macrophages) and IL1β were significantly lower in CIH vs. NOX. None of these morphological alterations with CIH- or iNOS−/− were detected in the gastrocnemius muscle. Notably, iNOS expression was undetectable in WT muscle, unlike the liver, where it was massively decreased with CIH.ConclusionCIH leads to NMJ and mitochondrial damage associated with fiber atrophy/centronucleation selectively in slow-twitch muscle of WT. This effect is largely mimicked by iNOS−/− at NOX (except for atrophy). Both conditions involve massive SOCS3 upregulation likely through denervation without Il6 upregulation but accompanied by a decrease of macrophage density especially next to denervated endplates. In the absence of muscular iNOS expression in WT, this damage may arise from extramuscular, e.g., motoneuronal iNOS deficiency (through CIH or knockout) awaiting functional evaluation.

【 授权许可】

CC BY