Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood–brain barrier; promise and pitfalls

Cell & Bioscience

Aysan Eslami Abriz¹  Amir Zarebkohan¹  Morteza Heidarzadeh²  Emel Sokullu³  Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir⁴  Mehmet Kaya⁵  Reza Rahbarghazi⁶ 

[1] Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey;Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey;Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey;Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey;Neurology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey;Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey;Physiology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey;Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;

关键词: Exosomes;    Blood–brain barrier;    Delivery;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s13578-021-00650-0

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

Nowadays, a large population around the world, especially the elderly, suffers from neurological inflammatory and degenerative disorders/diseases. Current drug delivery strategies are facing different challenges because of the presence of the BBB, which limits the transport of various substances and cells to brain parenchyma. Additionally, the low rate of successful cell transplantation to the brain injury sites leads to efforts to find alternative therapies. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are touted as natural nano-drug carriers with 50–100 nm in diameter. These nano-sized particles could harbor and transfer a plethora of therapeutic agents and biological cargos to the brain. These nanoparticles would offer a solution to maintain paracrine cell-to-cell communications under healthy and inflammatory conditions. The main question is that the existence of the intact BBB could limit exosomal trafficking. Does BBB possess some molecular mechanisms that facilitate the exosomal delivery compared to the circulating cell? Although preliminary studies have shown that exosomes could cross the BBB, the exact molecular mechanism(s) beyond this phenomenon remains unclear. In this review, we tried to compile some facts about exosome delivery through the BBB and propose some mechanisms that regulate exosomal cross in pathological and physiological conditions.

【 授权许可】

CC BY