Ontogeny and sex alter the effect of predation on body shape in a livebearing fish: sexual dimorphism, parallelism, and costs of reproduction

Ecology and Evolution

Elizabeth M. A. Hassell³  Peter J. Meyers¹  Eric J. Billman¹  Josh E. Rasmussen² 

[1] Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602;Klamath Falls Fish and Wildlife Office, 1936 California Avenue, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601;Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695

关键词: Age;    Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora;    environmental differences;    geometric morphometrics;    maturation;    morphology;    livebearer;    physical burden;   

DOI  :  10.1002/ece3.278

来源: Wiley

【 摘 要 】

Abstract

Predation can cause morphological divergence among populations, while ontogeny and sex often determine much of morphological diversity among individuals. We used geometric morphometrics to characterize body shape in the livebearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora to test for interactions between these three major shape-determining factors. We assessed shape variation between juveniles and adults of both sexes, and among adults for populations from high- and low-predation areas. Shape differed significantly between predation regimes for all juveniles regardless of sex. As males grew and matured into adults, ontogenetic shape trajectories were parallel, thus maintaining shape differences in adult males between predation environments. However, shape of adult females between predation environments followed a different pattern. As females grew and matured, ontogenetic shape trajectories converged so that shape differences were less pronounced between mature females in predator and nonpredator environments. Convergence in female body shape may indicate a trade-off between optimal shape for predator evasion versus shape required for the livebearing mode of reproduction.

【 授权许可】

CC BY-NC   
© 2011 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.