Studying the Endothelial Glycocalyx in vitro: What Is Missing?

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

John F. Fraser¹  Jacky Y. Suen¹  Andrew B. Haymet¹  Emily S. Wood¹  Nicole Bartnikowski²  Angela McBride³  Michael P. Vallely⁴  Scott B. Biering⁵  Eva Harris⁵  Sophie Yacoub⁶ 

[1] Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia;Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia;Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia;Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia;Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom;Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States;Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States;Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;

关键词: endothelium;    glycocalyx;    vasculopathy;    vascular;    endothelial surface layer;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fcvm.2021.647086

来源: Frontiers

【 摘 要 】

All human cells are coated by a surface layer of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and plasma proteins, called the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx transmits shear stress to the cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, maintains a selective permeability barrier, and modulates adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major components of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface layer during conditions including ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease, and some viral infections. Studying mechanisms of glycocalyx damage in vivo can be challenging due to the complexity of immuno-inflammatory responses which are inextricably involved. Previously, both static as well as perfused in vitro models have studied the glycocalyx, and have reported either imaging data, assessment of barrier function, or interactions of blood components with the endothelial monolayer. To date, no model has simultaneously incorporated all these features at once, however such a model would arguably enhance the study of vasculopathic processes. This review compiles a series of current in vitro models described in the literature that have targeted the glycocalyx layer, their limitations, and potential opportunities for further developments in this field.

【 授权许可】

CC BY