EM Estimation of the X-Ray Spectrum With a Genetically Optimized Step-Wedge Phantom

Frontiers in Physics

Mengzhou Li¹  Wenxiang Cong¹  Feng-Lei Fan¹  Ge Wang² 

[1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States;null;

关键词: spectrum estimation;    genetic algorithm;    X-ray spectrum;    transmission measurement;    polychromatic reprojection;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fphy.2021.678171

来源: Frontiers

【 摘 要 】

The energy spectrum of an X-ray tube plays an important role in computed tomography (CT), and is often estimated from physical measurement of dedicated phantoms. Usually, this estimation problem is reduced to solving a system of linear equations, which is generally ill-conditioned. In this paper, we optimize a phantom design to find the most effective combinations of thicknesses for different materials. First, we analyze the ill-posedness of the energy spectrum inversion when the number of unknown variables (N) and measurements (M) are equal, and show the condition number of the system matrix increases exponentially with N if the transmission thicknesses are linearly changed. Then, we present a genetic optimization algorithm to minimize the condition number of the system matrix in a general case (M < N) with respect to the selection of thicknesses and types of phantom materials. Finally, in the simulation with Poisson noise we study the accuracy of the spectrum estimation using the expectation-maximum algorithm. Our results indicate that the proposed method allows high-quality spectrum estimation, and the number of measurements is reduced over two thirds of that required by the widely-used method using a phantom with linearly-changed thicknesses.

【 授权许可】

CC BY