Synthesis of platinum nanoparticles with higher stability in ionic liquid–Nafion film and their electrocatalytic application

Micro & nano letters

article

Qing Zhang¹  Dawei Pan²  HaiYun Zhang²  HaiTao Han² 

[1] The Key Laboratory in Molecular and Nano-materials Probes of the Ministry of Education of China, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University;Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences;Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes;School of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Yantai University

关键词: platinum;    nanoparticles;    nanofabrication;    catalysis;    catalysts;    electrodeposition;    oxidation;    ionic liquid-Nafion film;    4-(3-methyl-1-imidazolio)-1-butanesulfonic acid triflate-Nafion film;    catalyst support;    conductive membrane;    BSMIMOTF immobilisation;    spherical platinum nanoparticles;    electrochemical deposition;    membranous BSMIMOTF-Nafion matrix;    Nafion-modified electrode;    sulfonyl-terminated ionic liquid-Nafion stabilised PtNPs;    electrocatalytic activity;    electrooxidation;    direct-methanol fuel cells;    size 10 nm to 30 nm;    Pt;   

DOI  :  10.1049/mnl.2014.0588

学科分类：计算机科学（综合）

来源: Wiley

【 摘 要 】

Introduction: Caudal epidural block is one of the most popular, reliable, and safe techniques in pediatric patients that can provide analgesia for a variety of supra- and infra-umblical surgical procedures. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine–bupivacaine, fentanyl-bupivacaine mixture and bupivacaine alone on duration of postoperative analgesia, sedation, emergence agitation, duration of sensory and motor block, hemodynamic stability and side effects. Methodology: After approval from ethical committee 90 pediatric patients of age 2-7 y were enrolled. The children were randomly allocated to three equal groups of 30 each using a computer generated randomization list. Group BD (n=30) received 1 µg/kg dexmedetomidine with 0.5 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25%; Group BF (n=30) received 1 µg/kg fentanyl with 0.5 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25%, and Group B (n=30) received 0.5 ml/kg of bupivacaine 0.25% for caudal epidural analgesia. Caudal block was given after induction of general anesthesia for urogenital surgery. General anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane at a concentration adjusted to maintain BIS at 40-60. Hemodynamic parameters, Pediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) score, Richmond agitation sedation scale (RASS), and Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) were recorded immediate postoperatively and then regularly every hour for the next 12 hours. Results: PAED score was less in group BD than group B and BF from baseline. RASS Score was less in Group BD than Group BF from base line to 12 h except at 240 min and Group BF is less than Group B from base line to 12 h. Group BD was less than B from base line to 12 h. CHEOP score was less in Group BD than Group BF and Group B from base line to 12 h. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg) added to bupivacaine in caudal block increases the duration of postoperative analgesia, provides arousable sedation, and decreases emergence delirium with stable hemodynamics and minimal side effects in pediatric patients.

【 授权许可】

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