Control of one-dimensional hydroxyapatite nanocrystals at mild conditions: organic additive effects

Micro & nano letters

article

Deyan Kong¹  Xinli Xiao¹  Yulin Yang¹ 

[1] Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology

关键词: calcium compounds;    nanostructured materials;    nanofabrication;    crystal growth from solution;    precipitation (physical chemistry);    X-ray diffraction;    transmission electron microscopy;    Fourier transform infrared spectra;    nucleation;    one-dimensional hydroxyapatite nanocrystals;    organic additive effects;    precipitation-hydrolysis;    mild solution conditions;    monetite phase;    X-ray diffraction;    XRD;    aspect ratio;    pH condition;    nanocrystal growth;    transmission electron microscopy;    Fourier transform infrared spectra;    nucleation;    Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2;   

DOI  :  10.1049/mnl.2014.0683

学科分类：计算机科学（综合）

来源: Wiley

【 摘 要 】

Opioids such as morphine and fentanyl have been used in neuraxial anesthesia to prolong the analgesic effects since long, but these have frequently been associated with few adverse effects e.g. nausea, vomiting, pruritus and rarely respiratory depression. Tramadol has also been used in epidural as well as spinal anesthesia, and respiratory depression has not been reported with its intrathecal use. We present a case in which 20 mg of intrathecal tramadol produced signs of opioid overdose including respiratory depression. The side effects were reversed with naloxone confirming our suspicion that these were caused by tramadol. We recommend adequate monitoring and vigilance for tramadol as is used for other intrathecal opioids.

【 授权许可】

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