Research on HS-WEDM and chemical etching technology of superamphiphobic surfaces on Al substrates

Micro & nano letters

article

Zhongxu Lian¹  Jinkai Xu¹  Zuobin Wang²  Zhankun Weng²  Yanling Wan¹  Linshuai Zhang¹  Huadong Yu¹ 

[1] Jilin Laboratory of Precision Micro-manufacturing Technology and Equipment Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology;International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology

关键词: etching;    aluminium;    electrical discharge machining;    surface morphology;    wetting;    scanning electron microscopy;    X-ray chemical analysis;    X-ray diffraction;    contact angle;    surface energy;    chemical etching technology;    superamphiphobic surfaces;    Al substrates;    high speed wire electrical discharge machining;    surface morphology;    chemical composition;    wettability;    scanning electron microscopy;    SEM;    energy dispersive X-ray diffraction system;    optical contact angle;    micrometer-scale craters;    nanometer-scale acicular structures;    fluorination;    ethylene glycol;    peanut oil;    sliding angles;    rough structures;    surface energy;    self-cleaning;    oil capture;    oil transportation;    antismudge;    Al;   

DOI  :  10.1049/mnl.2015.0573

学科分类：计算机科学（综合）

来源: Wiley

【 摘 要 】

Background & Objectives: Caudal analgesia is an accepted and popular method of providing intra andpostoperative analgesia for abdominal, perineal and lower limb surgeries in children. Caudal epiduralblock with bupivacaine is one of the most common regional anesthetic technique used in children. Severaladjuncts such as opioids, ketamine, midazolam and neostigmine have been used with bupivacaine toprolong its action and thus extend the duration of postoperative analgesia provided by ‘single shot’ caudaltechnique. Clonidine, an α2 agonist has extensively been used in neuraxial blocks and peripheral nerveblocks to prolong the action of bupivacaine without significant respiratory depression after systemic,epidural and spinal administration. Hence, this study was conducted to know the efficacy and safety ofclonidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in single shot caudal block in children.Methodology: This study was conducted among 60 children in the age group of 1-12 years coming forvarious elective sub-umbilical surgeries. They were divided into two groups of 30 each. Group A receivedcaudal 0.25% bupivacaine plain with 0.5 ml Normal saline and Group B received caudal 0.25% bupivacaine1 ml/Kg with clonidine 1 μg/Kg as an adjuvant made to 0.5 ml with normal saline. The various parametersstudied were intraoperative hemodynamic changes, onset of action, duration of postoperative analgesia,postoperative analgesic requirement, duration of postoperative sedation and incidence of side effects.Pain and sedation assessment was done at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hour after surgery.Results: The groups were similar in age, sex and weight. The hemodynamic parameters like heart rate(HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) were also similar between the two groupsbefore and after administering caudal block. The mean duration of analgesia in group B (506.67 ± 43.81min) was significantly longer (p < 0.001) than in group A (270.67 ± 43.70 min). The pain score in thetwo groups were similar upto 3 hrs but was higher in Group A as compared to Group B. The duration ofsedation is significant for upto 4 hrs in Group B than Group A. The number of rescue analgesics used wassignificantly more in Group A as compared to Group B. Incidence of bradycardia, hypotension, vomitingwere not significant in both the groups.Conclusion: This study showed that the addition of clonidine in the dose of 1 μg/kg to 0.25% bupivacaineplain 1 ml/kg prolonged the duration of analgesia with better sedation in children with less post operativeanalgesic requirement after a single shot caudal block with minimal side effects in children.

【 授权许可】

CC BY|CC BY-ND|CC BY-NC|CC BY-NC-ND