Yessotoxins, a Group of Marine Polyether Toxins: an Overview

Marine Drugs

Beatriz Paz¹  Antonio H. Daranas¹  Manuel Norte¹  Pilar Riobó¹  José M. Franco¹ 

[1] ¹Fitoplancton Tóxico, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36080 Vigo and Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO), Cabo Estay, 36200 Vigo, Spain

关键词: Yessotoxin (YTX);    Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP);    Marine polyether toxin;    Protoceratium reticulatum;    Lingulodinium polyedrum;    Gonyaulax spinifera.;   

DOI  :  10.3390/md6020073

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine polyether toxin that was first isolated in 1986 from the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Subsequently, it was reported that YTX is produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera. YTXs have been associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) because they are often simultaneously extracted with DSP toxins, and give positive results when tested in the conventional mouse bioassay for DSP toxins. However, recent evidence suggests that YTXs should be excluded from the DSP toxins group, because unlike okadaic acid (OA) and dinophyisistoxin-1 (DTX-1), YTXs do not cause either diarrhea or inhibition of protein phosphatases . In spite of the increasing number of molecular studies focused on the toxicity of YTX, the precise mechanism of action is currently unknown. Since the discovery of YTX, almost forty new analogues isolated from both mussels and dinoflagellates have been characterized by NMR or LC-MS/MS techniques. These studies indicate a wide variability in the profile and the relative abundance of YTXs in both, bivalves and dinoflagellates. This review covers current knowledge on the origin, producer organisms and vectors, chemical structures, metabolism, biosynthetic origin, toxicological properties, potential risks to human health and advances in detection methods of YTXs.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.