Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Clemencia Rodriguez³  Paul Van Buynder¹  Richard Lugg¹  Palenque Blair²  Brian Devine³  Angus Cook³ 

[1] Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Grace Vaughan House 227 Stubbs Terrace, Shenton Park, WA 6008 Western Australia, Australia; E-Mails:;Water Corporation, Western Australia, 629 Newcastle Street, Leederville, Perth WA 6007 Western Australia, Australia; E-Mail:;School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, (M431) Crawley WA 6009 Western Australia, Australia; E-Mails:

关键词: Chemicals of concern;    health impacts;    risk assessment;    recycled water;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph6031174

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The growing scarcity of potable water supplies is among the most important issues facing many cities, in particular those using single sources of water that are climate dependent. Consequently, urban centers are looking to alternative sources of water supply that can supplement variable rainfall and meet the demands of population growth. A diversified portfolio of water sources is required to ensure public health, as well as social, economical and environmental sustainability. One of the options considered is the augmentation of drinking water supplies with advanced treated recycled water. This paper aims to provide a state of the art review of water recycling for drinking purposes with emphasis on membrane treatment processes. An overview of significant indirect potable reuse projects is presented followed by a description of the epidemiological and toxicological studies evaluating any potential human health impacts. Finally, a summary of key operational measures to protect human health and the areas that require further research are discussed.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.