Biodegradation of the High Explosive Hexanitrohexaazaiso-wurtzitane (CL-20)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Pelin Karakaya¹  Christos Christodoulatos⁴  Agamemnon Koutsospyros²  Wendy Balas³  Steve Nicolich³ 

[1] Langan Engineering and Environmental Services, Elmwood Park, NJ 07407, USA;Mechanical, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA;US Army TACOM-ARDEC, Energetics & Warheads Division, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806, USA;Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

关键词: Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane;    CL-20;    biodegradation;    activated sludge;    Phanerochaete chrysosporium;    logistic growth model;    mineralization;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph6041371

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The aerobic biodegradability of the high explosive CL-20 by activated sludge and the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been investigated. Although activated sludge is not effective in degrading CL-20 directly, it can mineralize the alkaline hydrolysis products. Phanerochaete chrysosporium degrades CL-20 in the presence of supplementary carbon and nitrogen sources. Biodegradation studies were conducted using various nutrient media under diverse conditions. Variables included the CL-20 concentration; levels of carbon (as glycerol) and ammonium sulfate and yeast extract as sources of nitrogen. Cultures that received CL-20 at the time of inoculation transformed CL-20 completely under all nutrient conditions studied. When CL-20 was added to pre-grown cultures, degradation was limited. The extent of mineralization was monitored by the ¹⁴CO₂ time evolution; up to 51% mineralization was achieved when the fungus was incubated with [¹⁴C]-CL-20. The kinetics of CL-20 biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium follows the logistic kinetic growth model.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.