Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Levels of Urinary Metals in the U.S. Youth and Adult Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Patricia A. Richter¹  Ellen E. Bishop²  Jiantong Wang² 

[1] Office of Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;Chronic & Infectious Disease Research Program, RTI International. Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; E-Mails:

关键词: secondhand smoke (SHS);    metals;    youth;    lead;    cadmium;    race/ethnicity;    tobacco smoke;    smoker;    toxicity;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph6071930

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

We assessed 12 urine metals in tobacco smoke-exposed and not exposed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Our analysis included age, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in cadmium and lead and creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted data for group comparisons are presented. Smokers’ had higher cadmium, lead, antimony, and barium levels than nonsmokers. Highest lead levels were in the youngest subjects. Lead levels among adults with high second-hand smoke exposure equaled smokers. Older smokers had cadmium levels signaling the potential for cadmium-related toxicity. Given the potential toxicity of metals, our findings complement existing research on exposure to chemicals in tobacco smoke.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.