Smoking and Socio-Demographic Determinant of Cardiovascular Diseases among Males 45+ Years in Indonesia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Wasis Sumartono²  Anna M. Sirait¹  Maria Holy³ 

[1] Center for Health Intervention Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health, Jl. Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia; E-Mail:;Center for Humanities, Health Policy and Community Empowerment, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health, Jl. Percetakan Negara No. 23 A, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia;Center for Applied Health Technology and Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health, Jl. Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia; E-Mail:

关键词: cardiovascular diseases;    smoking;    Indonesia;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph8020528

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The main objective of this study is to present the prevalence of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) defined as been diagnosed or having symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease, Arrhytmia, or Heart Failure. The main risk factor analyzed is smoking behavior. The data used for this study was from Basic Health Survey of 2007, a National baseline data collected every three years which consist of more than one million samples representing 33 provinces in Indonesia. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, history of CVDs and smoking behavior were collected by highly-trained interviewers using a questionnaire which had been tested. A sub-sample of the survey consisting of 100,009 males aged 45 years and over was analyzed. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) were analyzed using logistic regressions to estimate the prevalence of CVDs by smoking behavior and socio-demographic characteristics. Overall, 86.8% respondents reported that they had never been diagnosed as having CVDs or having any symptom of CVDs.; while 2.1% respondents reported that they had been diagnosed by a health professional (a doctor or a nurse) of having CVDs. The interviewers also identified three signs and symptoms of CVDs for all respondents if they reported of never been diagnosed CVDs. Among all respondents 2.3% had symptoms of coronary heart disease, 4.9% had symptoms of arrhytmia, and 3.9% had symptoms of heart failure. The prevalence of CVDs was significantly higher in former smokers (OR = 2.03), and duration of smoking for more than 20 years. The prevalence of CVDs was significantly higher among older groups. Old males who lived in Sulawesi island had higher probability of having CVDs (OR = 1.67). The lower prevalence of CVDs seemed to have associated with higher among Senior High School Graduate compared to those who Never Schooling (OR = 0.8). Since population of Indonesia is relatively young, the future of health care costs of Indonesia would be high due to high prevalence of smoking among males population. This finding suggests that Indonesia should ratify Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ans start impelementing measures to control tobacco uses in order to reduce public health and economic consequences of smoking in the future.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.