Issues in Assessing Environmental Exposures to Manufactured Nanomaterials

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Nicholas T. Loux²  Yee San Su¹ 

[1] CNA, 4825 Mark Center Drive, Alexandria, VA 22311, USA; E-Mail:;U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/ERD, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA

关键词: manufactured nanomaterials;    atmospheric emissions;    aquatic emissions;    ultrafine particles;    DLVO theory;    zeta potential;    Critical Coagulation Concentration;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph8093562

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Manufactured nanomaterials (MNs) are commonly considered to be commercial products possessing at least one dimension in the size range of 10⁻⁹ m to 10⁻⁷ m. As particles in this size range represent the smaller fraction of colloidal particles characterized by dimensions of 10⁻⁹ m to 10⁻⁶ m, they differ from both molecular species and bulk particulate matter in the sense that they are unlikely to exhibit significant settling under normal gravitational conditions and they are also likely to exhibit significantly diminished diffusivities (when compared to truly dissolved species) in environmental media. As air/water, air/soil, and water/soil intermedium transport is governed by diffusive processes in the absence of significant gravitational and inertial impaction processes in environmental systems, models of MN environmental intermedium transport behavior will likely require an emphasis on kinetic approaches. This review focuses on the likely environmental fate and transport of MNs in atmospheric and aquatic systems. Should significant atmospheric MNs emission occur, previous observations suggest that MNs may likely exhibit an atmospheric residence time of ten to twenty days. Moreover, while atmospheric MN aggregates in a size range of 10⁻⁷ m to 10⁻⁶ m will likely be most mobile, they are least likely to deposit in the human respiratory system. An examination of various procedures including the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory of colloidal particle suspension stability in water indicates that more sophisticated approaches may be necessary in order to develop aquatic exposure models of acceptable uncertainty. In addition, concepts such as Critical Coagulation Concentrations and Critical Zeta Potentials may prove to be quite useful in environmental aquatic exposure assessments.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland