Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques—FRAP, FLIP, FLAP, FRET and FLIM

Molecules

Hellen C. Ishikawa-Ankerhold¹  Richard Ankerhold² 

[1] Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schillerstr. 42, 80336 München, Germany;Carl Zeiss Microimaging GmbH, Kistlerhofstr. 75, 81379 München, Germany

关键词: fluorescence microscopy;    fluorescence;    fluorochrome;    techniques;    confocal;    multiphoton;    anisotropy;    FRET;    homo-FRET;    FRAP;    FLIP;    FLIM;    FLAP;   

DOI  :  10.3390/molecules17044047

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Fluorescence microscopy provides an efficient and unique approach to study fixed and living cells because of its versatility, specificity, and high sensitivity. Fluorescence microscopes can both detect the fluorescence emitted from labeled molecules in biological samples as images or photometric data from which intensities and emission spectra can be deduced. By exploiting the characteristics of fluorescence, various techniques have been developed that enable the visualization and analysis of complex dynamic events in cells, organelles, and sub-organelle components within the biological specimen. The techniques described here are fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), the related fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP), fluorescence localization after photobleaching (FLAP), Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and the different ways how to measure FRET, such as acceptor bleaching, sensitized emission, polarization anisotropy, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). First, a brief introduction into the mechanisms underlying fluorescence as a physical phenomenon and fluorescence, confocal, and multiphoton microscopy is given. Subsequently, these advanced microscopy techniques are introduced in more detail, with a description of how these techniques are performed, what needs to be considered, and what practical advantages they can bring to cell biological research.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.