Extreme Multiple Reticulate Origins of the Pteris cadieri Complex (Pteridaceae)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Yi-Shan Chao²  Shi-Yong Dong¹  Yu-Chung Chiang³  Ho-Yih Liu³ 

[1] South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; E-Mail:;Division of Botanical Garden, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10006, Taiwan; E-Mail:;Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mail:

关键词: apogamy;    flow cytometry;    hybridization;    PgiC;    polyploidy;    Pteris;    reticulate evolution;    species complex;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms13044523

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The Pteris cadieri complex displays extensive morphological variation and seems to have originated through hybridization. However, the members of this complex reproduce by apogamy, which usually limits genetic variation. To evaluate the hypotheses of hybrid origins, the pattern of evolution in this species complex is reconstructed. Multiple methodologies were used. Diploids, triploids, and tetraploids were identified by chromosome counts and flow cytometry. Nuclear DNA markers (cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase gene, PgiC) were used, together with chloroplast DNA markers (atpB-rbcL spacer and rbcL gene) to infer the biparental and maternal lineages of the Pteris cadieri complex. The three cpDNA haplotype groups and five PgiC alleles found in this study indicate that the evolution of the Pteris cadieri complex has been extremely reticulate. Up to 11 taxa belonging to eight morphs were identified. By comparing genetic variation in the Pteris cadieri in two independent areas, Hainan and Taiwan, we inferred that hybridization has occurred independently in different areas. Furthermore, we found evidence for phenological divergence (evergreen and deciduous) within Taiwan. We propose that the Pteris cadieri complex originated from different genetic lineages through multiple hybridizations in different geographical areas, leading to its present morphological diversity.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.