The Roles of Parasitoid Foraging for Hosts, Food and Mates in the Augmentative Control of Tephritidae

Insects

John Sivinski¹ 

[1] USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32604, USA

关键词: Tephritidae;    Braconidae;    Anastrepha;    Ceratitis;    Bactrocera;    Opiinae;    Figitidae;    signals;    cues;   

DOI  :  10.3390/insects3030668

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Ultimately, the success of augmentative fruit fly biological control depends upon the survival, dispersal, attack rate and multi-generational persistence of mass-reared parasitoids in the field. Foraging for hosts, food and mates is fundamental to the above and, at an operational level, the choice of the parasitoid best suited to control a particular tephritid in a certain environment, release rate estimates and subsequent monitoring of effectiveness. In the following we review landscape-level and microhabitat foraging preferences, host/fruit ranges, orientation through environmental cues, host vulnerabilities/ovipositor structures, and inter and intraspecific competition. We also consider tephritid parasitoid mating systems and sexual signals, and suggest the directions of future research.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.