Energy and Environmental Implications of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in China

Energies

Jianlei Lang¹  Shuiyuan Cheng¹  Ying Zhou¹  Beibei Zhao¹  Haiyan Wang¹ 

[1] College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; E-Mails:

关键词: air pollutants;    greenhouse gases;    emission factors;    energy consumption;    policy assessment;   

DOI  :  10.3390/en6052663

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The promotion of hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs) has been proposed as one promising solution for reducing transport energy consumption and mitigating vehicular emissions in China. In this study, the energy and environmental impacts of hybrid and EVs during 2010–2020 were evaluated through an energy conversion analysis and a life cycle assessment (LCA), and the per-kilometer energy consumptions of gasoline, coal, natural gas (NG), oil, biomass, garbage and electricity for EVs and HEVs were estimated. Results show that the EVs and HEVs can reduce the energy consumption of vehicles by national average ratios of 17%–19% and 30%–33%, respectively. The study also calculated the detailed emission factors of SO₂, NO_X, VOC, CO, NH₃, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, OC, EC, CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, Pb and Hg. It is indicated that the HEVs can bring significant reductions of NO_X, VOC and CO emissions and lesser decreases of SO₂ and CO₂ for a single vehicle. The EVs could decrease many of the VOC, NH₃, CO and CO₂ emissions, but increase the SO₂, NO_X and particles by 10.8–13.0, 2.7–2.9 and 3.6–11.5 times, respectively. In addition, the electricity sources had significant influence on energy consumption (EC) and emissions. A high proportion of coal-fired energy resulted in large ECs and emission factors. The total energy consumption and pollutants emission changes in 2015 and 2020 were also calculated. Based on the energy use and emission analysis of HEVs and EVs, it is suggested that EVs should be promoted in the regions with higher proportions of hydropower, natural gas-fired power and clean energy power, while HEVs can be widely adopted in the regions with high coal-fired power ratios. This is to achieve a higher energy consumption reduction and pollutant emission mitigation. Moreover, the results can also provide scientific support for the total amount control of regional air pollutants in China.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.