Greenhouse Gas Implications of Urban Sprawl in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

Sustainability

Sanna Ala-Mantila¹  Jukka Heinonen² 

[1] Department of Surveying Sciences, Aalto University School of Engineering, P.O. Box 15800, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland; E-mails

关键词: environmental sustainability;    density;    urban sprawl;    Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EE I-O) analysis;    cities;    climate change;   

DOI  :  10.3390/su5104461

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Suburban households living in spacious detached houses and owing multiple cars are often seen as main culprits for negative greenhouse consequences of urban sprawl. Consequently, the effects of sprawl have been mostly studied from the viewpoints of emissions from home energy consumption and private driving. Little attention has been paid to the changes in other consumption. In this paper, urban sprawl is linked to the proliferation of semi-detached and detached housing, described as a low-rise lifestyle, at the expense of apartment house living i.e., high-rise lifestyle. We analyze differences between the low-rise and the high-rise lifestyles and their environmental effects in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, taking into account all consumption activities. Environmental effects are assessed by combining greenhouse gas intensities from a consumption-based environmentally-extended input-output (EE I-O) model with expenditure data. Then these carbon footprints are further elucidated with regression analysis. We find that low-rise lifestyles causes approximately 14% more emissions than high-rise lifestyles. However, the relative contributions of emissions from different sources, whether direct or indirect, are almost equal for both. Furthermore, when controlling the level of expenditure, the differences between the two lifestyles unexpectedly disappear and in certain cases are even reversed. We believe that our consumption-based approach facilitates the understanding of sprawling lifestyles and offers important insights for sustainable policy-design and urban planning.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.