Animals | |
Policing Farm Animal Welfare in Federated Nations: The Problem of Dual Federalism in Canada and the USA | |
关键词: animal law; Criminal law; law enforcement; policing; Christian inquisition; SPCA; method of production; animal cruelty; division of powers; fundamentalism; zealot; | |
DOI : 10.3390/ani3041086 | |
来源: mdpi | |
【 摘 要 】
In any federation of states, societal oversight of farm animal welfare (agriculture policy arena, prevention) is more difficult to achieve than providing punishment of individuals abusing of companion animals (post injury). The constitutional division of powers and historical policy related to animal agriculture and non-government organization policing cruelty of companion animals may be entrenched. With changing societal expectations of agriculture production, each level of government may hesitate to take the lead, due to financial or ideological beliefs and simultaneously, obstruct the other government level from taking the lead, based on constitutional grounds. The tradition of private policing of companion animal abuse offences may be unworkable in the provision of protection for animals used in industrial production. In recent European animal welfare statutes, human actions injurious to animals are new “offences” articulated as an injury to societal norms in addition to property damage. A crime is foremost a violation of a community moral standard. Violating a societal norm puts society out of balance and justice is served when that balance is returned. Criminal law normally requires the presence of
【 授权许可】
CC BY
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
【 预 览 】
Files | Size | Format | View |
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RO202003190031405ZK.pdf | 167KB | download |