Reducing Exposure to High Fluoride Drinking Water in Estonia—A Countrywide Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Ene Indermitte¹  Astrid Saava¹ 

[1] Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia; E-Mail:

关键词: high-fluoride exposure;    drinking water;    reduction measures;    Estonia;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph110303132

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Fluoride is a naturally occurring contaminant in groundwater in Estonia. There are several regions in Estonia with fluoride contents in public water supplies as high as 7 mg/L. Long-term exposure to high-fluoride drinking water may have several adverse health effects, primarily dental fluorosis. The opportunities for exposure reduction rely highly on water treatment technologies. Since 2004 public water suppliers in Estonia have made efforts to diminish fluoride content in drinking water systems. A follow-up study on a country level was carried out in 2004–2012 to analyze the changes in population exposure to excessive (over 1.5 mg/L) fluoride in drinking water and to get information about the reduction methods applied by public water supplies (PWS) to optimize the fluoride levels in public water system. The results showed that bigger PWS have been more effective in fluoride reduction measures than small PWS. The main methods used to lower the fluoride content were reverse osmosis technology and replacement of water sources with new ones (new drilled wells). As a result of all the measures taken the overall high-fluoride exposure has been reduced substantially (82%).

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.