Recycling Potentials of Critical Metals-Analyzing Secondary Flows from Selected Applications

Resources

Till Zimmermann¹ 

[1] Department of Technological Design and Development, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen D-28359, Germany; E-Mail:

关键词: critical metals;    recycling;    secondary material flows;    material flow analysis;    industrial catalysts;    CIGS photovoltaic cells;    thermal barrier coatings (TBC);    industrial ecology;   

DOI  :  10.3390/resources3010291

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Metal mobilization in general, as well as the number of metals used in products to increase performance and provide sometimes unique functionalities, has increased steadily in the past decades. Materials, such as indium, gallium, platinum group metals (PGM), and rare earths (RE), are used ever more frequently in high-tech applications and their criticality as a function of economic importance and supply risks has been highlighted in various studies. Nevertheless, recycling rates are often below one percent. Against this background, secondary flows of critical metals from three different end-of-life products up to 2020 are modeled and losses along the products’ end-of-life (EOL) chain are identified. Two established applications of PGM and RE–industrial catalysts and thermal barrier coatings–and CIGS photovoltaic cells as a relatively new product have been analyzed. In addition to a quantification of future EOL flows, the analysis showed that a relatively well working recycling system exists for PGM-bearing catalysts, while a complete loss of critical metals occurs for the other applications. The reasons include a lack of economic incentives, technologically caused material dissipation and other technological challenges.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.