Human and Veterinary Antibiotics Used in Portugal—A Ranking for Ecosurveillance

Toxics

Anabela Almeida¹  Sofia Duarte¹  Ricardo Nunes²  Humberto Rocha¹  Angelina Pena³ 

[1] Department of Veterinary Medicine-Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Coimbra 3020-210, Portugal; E-Mails:;INFARMED, I.P.-National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, Lisboa 1749-004, Portugal; E-Mail:;Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; E-Mail:

关键词: antibiotics;    consumption;    ecosurveillance;    environmental occurrence;    human medicine;    risk ranking;    pharmacokinetic features;    Portugal;    veterinary medicine;   

DOI  :  10.3390/toxics2020188

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Antibiotics represent a pharmacotherapeutic group widely used in both human and veterinary medicine for which ecosurveillance has been continually recommended. It is urgent to rank the antibiotics and highlight those that may pose potential risk to the environment, a key step for the risk management. The absence of this type of contributions applied to the Portuguese reality supported the idea of compiling the data presented herein. With such purpose the most recent and representative data is used to draw a comparative contribution of each antimicrobial classes according to their intended use, i.e., in human versus veterinary medicine. The aim was to assess: (1) the amount and patterns of antimicrobials usage between human and animals; (2) the qualitative comparison between the antimicrobial classes used in each practice (human and veterinary) or specific use; (3) the potential to enter the environment, metabolism, mode of action and environmental occurrences. This manuscript will, thus, identify priorities for the environmental risk assessment, considering the ranking of the antimicrobials by their usage and potential environmental exposure. Ultimately, this study will serve as a basis for future monitoring programs, guiding the policy of regulatory agencies.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.