Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfides as Biological Mediators

Molecules

Hideo Kimura¹ 

[1] National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan; E-Mail

关键词: H₂S;    H₂S_n;    nitric oxide;    CBS;    CSE;    3MST;    TRPA1;    Nrf2;    PTEN;   

DOI  :  10.3390/molecules191016146

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is recognized as a biological mediator with various roles such as neuromodulation, regulation of the vascular tone, cytoprotection, anti-inflammation, oxygen sensing, angiogenesis, and generation of mitochondrial energy. It is produced by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). The activity of CBS is enhanced by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) and glutathionylation, while it is inhibited by nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). The activity of CSE and cysteine aminotransferase (CAT), which produces the 3MST substrate 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP), is regulated by Ca²⁺. H₂S is oxidized to thiosulfate in mitochondria through the sequential action of sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQR), sulfur dioxygenase, and rhodanese. The rates of the production and clearance of H₂S determine its cellular concentration. Polysulfides (H₂S_n) have been found to occur in the brain and activate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels, facilitate the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to the nucleus, and suppress the activity of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) by sulfurating (sulfhydrating) the target cysteine residues. A cross talk between H₂S and NO also plays an important role in cardioprotection as well as regulation of the vascular tone. H₂S, polysulfides, and their cross talk with NO may mediate various physiological and pathophysiological responses.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.