The “Bad Labor” Footprint: Quantifying the Social Impacts of Globalization

Sustainability

Moana S. Simas¹  Laura Golsteijn²  Mark A. J. Huijbregts²  Richard Wood¹  Edgar G. Hertwich¹ 

[1] Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mails:;Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands; E-Mails:

关键词: social footprint;    international trade;    social impacts of consumption;    labor conditions;    supply chain;    consumption-based accounting;    multiregional input-output model;   

DOI  :  10.3390/su6117514

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The extent to what bad labor conditions across the globe are associated with international trade is unknown. Here, we quantify the bad labor conditions associated with consumption in seven world regions, the “bad labor” footprint. In particular, we analyze how much occupational health damage, vulnerable employment, gender inequality, share of unskilled workers, child labor, and forced labor is associated with the production of internationally traded goods. Our results show that (i) as expected, there is a net flow of bad labor conditions from developing to developed regions; (ii) the production of exported goods in lower income regions contributes to more than half of the bad labor footprints caused by the wealthy lifestyles of affluent regions; (iii) exports from Asia constitute the largest global trade flow measured in the amount bad labor, while exports from Africa carry the largest burden of bad labor conditions per unit value traded and per unit of total labor required; and (IV) the trade of food products stands out in both volume and intensity of bad labor conditions.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.