Phocine Distemper Virus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Viruses

Pฝraig J. Duignan²  Marie-Françoise Van Bressem³  Jason D. Baker¹⁹  Michelle Barbieri¹⁹  Kathleen M. Colegrove²¹  Sylvain De Guise²²  Rik L. de Swart¹⁰  Giovanni Di Guardo⁴  Andrew Dobson¹⁷  W. Paul Duprex⁸  Greg Early^2,15  Deborah Fauquier^2,13  Tracey Goldstein^2,5  Simon J. Goodman^2,11  Bryan Grenfell¹⁷  Kátia R. Groch^2,14  Frances Gulland^2,23  Ailsa Hall^2,9  Brenda A. Jensen^2,18  Karina Lamy²  Keith Matassa^2,16  Sandro Mazzariol^2,20  Sinead E. Morris¹⁷  Ole Nielsen^3,12  David Rotstein^3,7  Teresa K. Rowles^2,13  Jeremy T. Saliki^3,6  Ursula Siebert^3,25  Thomas Waltzek^3,24  James F.X. Wellehan^1,3 

[1] Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, FL 32610, USA; E-Mail:;Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; E-Mails:;Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group (CMED), Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Lima 20, Peru; E-Mail:;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; E-Mail:;One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:;Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, GA 30602, USA; E-Mail:;David Rotstein, Marine Mammal Pathology Services, 19117 Bloomfield Road, Olney, MD 20832, USA; E-Mail:;Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mail:;Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK; E-Mail:;Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mail:;School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; E-Mail:;Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada; E-Mail:;National Marine Fisheries Service/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails:;Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; E-Mail:;Greg Early, Integrated Statistics, 87 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; E-Mail:;Keith Matassa, Pacific Marine Mammal Center, 20612 Laguna Canyon Road, Laguna Beach, CA 92651, USA; E-Mail:;Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2016, USA; E-Mails:;Department of Natural Sciences, Hawai’i Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; E-Mail:;Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 1845 WASP Blvd., Building 176, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, USA; E-Mails:;Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro Padua, Italy; E-Mail:;Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; E-Mail:;Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, and Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mail:;The Marine Mammal Centre, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; E-Mail:;Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail:;Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover 30173, Germany; E-Mail:

关键词: Morbillivirus;    pinnipeds;    sea otter;    CD150/SLAM;    phylogeny;    pathology;    epidemiology;    immunity;    vaccine;   

DOI  :  10.3390/v6125093

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Phocine distemper virus (PDV) was first recognized in 1988 following a massive epidemic in harbor and grey seals in north-western Europe. Since then, the epidemiology of infection in North Atlantic and Arctic pinnipeds has been investigated. In the western North Atlantic endemic infection in harp and grey seals predates the European epidemic, with relatively small, localized mortality events occurring primarily in harbor seals. By contrast, PDV seems not to have become established in European harbor seals following the 1988 epidemic and a second event of similar magnitude and extent occurred in 2002. PDV is a distinct species within the Morbillivirus genus with minor sequence variation between outbreaks over time. There is now mounting evidence of PDV-like viruses in the North Pacific/Western Arctic with serological and molecular evidence of infection in pinnipeds and sea otters. However, despite the absence of associated mortality in the region, there is concern that the virus may infect the large Pacific harbor seal and northern elephant seal populations or the endangered Hawaiian monk seals. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on PDV with particular focus on developments in diagnostics, pathogenesis, immune response, vaccine development, phylogenetics and modeling over the past 20 years.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.