Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet

Marine Drugs

Antonio Paoli³  Tatiana Moro³  Gerardo Bosco³  Antonino Bianco¹  Keith A. Grimaldi⁴  Enrico Camporesi⁵  Devanand Mangar² 

[1]Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy

[2] E-Mail:

[3]TEAMHealth, Tampa, FL 33606, USA

[4] E-Mail:

[5]Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy

[6] E-Mails:

[7]Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15773, Greece

[8] E-Mail:

[9]Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA

[10] E-Mail:

关键词: inflammatory cytokines;    ketogenic diet;    weight loss;    cardiovascular risk factors;    n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids;    omega-3;   

DOI  :  10.3390/md13020996

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Background: the ketogenic diet (KD) has become a widely used nutritional approach for weight loss. Some of the KD’s positive effects on metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to those seen after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts combined with ω-3 supplementation may have increased positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Methods: We analyzed 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight. The subjects followed a ketogenic diet protocol for four weeks; with (KDO3) or without (KD) ω-3 supplementation. Results: All subjects experienced a significant loss of body weight and body fat and there was no significant differences between treatment (body weight: KD—4.7 kg, KDO3—4.03 kg, body fat KD—5.41 kg, KDO3—5.86 kg). There were also significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. Triglycerides and insulin levels decreased more in KDO3 vs. KD subjects, with a significant difference. All the investigated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) decreased significantly in KDO3 subjects whilst only TNF-α showed a significant decrease in KD subjects over the 12 month study period. No significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra), creatinine, urea and uric acid. Adiponectin increased significantly only in the KDO3 group. Conclusions: ω-3 supplementation improved the positive effects of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on some cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and inflammatory state.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.