Lead Excretion in Spanish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Brain Sciences

Milagros Fuentes-Albero⁴  Carmen Puig-Alcaraz²  Omar Cauli¹  Susan Shur-Fen Gau³ 

[1] Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;Area of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Area Sagunto, 46520 Sagunto (Valencia), Spain; E-Mail:;Children’s Mental Health Centre, Hospital Arnau de Villanova, 46015 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail;Children’s Mental Health Centre, Hospital Arnau de Villanova, 46015 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:

关键词: lead;    autism spectrum disorder;    core symptoms;    biomarker;    DMS IV;   

DOI  :  10.3390/brainsci5010058

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Among epigenetic factors leading to increased prevalence of juvenile neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, exposure to metals, such as lead (Pb) have led to conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of Pb in the urine of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with typically developing children (TD) age- and sex-matched, and to analyze any association between core symptoms of ASD, special diets, supplements intake or prescription drugs and the concentration of Pb. The study was performed in a group of children with ASD (n = 35, average age 7.4 ± 0.5 years) and TD (n = 34, average age 7.7 ± 0.9 years). Measurement of lead in urine was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry; symptoms of ASD were analyzed by diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DMS-IV) using the questionnary ADI-R. Careful clinical evaluation was also undertaken and statistical analysis was done taking into account any possible confounding factor.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.