Fluctuating Asymmetry of Plant Leaves: Batch Processing with LAMINA and Continuous Symmetry Measures

Symmetry

John H. Graham³  Mattie J. Whitesell³  Mark Fleming¹  Hagit Hel-Or²  Eviatar Nevo⁴ 

[1] School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; E-Mail:;Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; E-Mail:;Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA 30149, USA; E-Mail:;Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; E-Mail:

关键词: continuous symmetry measure;    fluctuating asymmetry;    LAMINA software;    plant leaves;    shape asymmetry;   

DOI  :  10.3390/sym7010255

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Unlike landmark methods for estimating object asymmetry, continuous symmetry measures (CSM) can be used to measure the symmetry distance (d_s) of inconsistent objects, such as plant leaves. Inconsistent objects have no homologous landmarks, no consistent topology, no quantitative consistency, and sometimes no matching points. When CSM is used in conjugation with LAMINA Leaf Shape Determination software, one can quickly and efficiently process a large number of scanned leaves. LAMINA automatically generates equally-spaced points around the perimeter of each leaf and the resulting x-y coordinates are normalized to average centroid size prior to estimating d_s using a fold, average, unfold algorithm. We estimated shape asymmetry of leaves of three species of flowering plants: Ligustrum sinense (Chinese Privet), Rubus cuneifolius (blackberry), and Perilla frutescens (Perilla), as well as individual leaves from a few species of oaks (Quercus) and maples (Acer). We found that 100 to 200 equally-spaced points worked well for all three of the main species. Measurement error accounted for a small proportion of the asymmetry variation. Nevertheless, measurement error was great enough to generate some negative size scaling after normalization to average centroid size.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland