Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Gunnar F. Kwakye³  Monica M.B. Paoliello⁵  Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay⁴  Aaron B. Bowman¹  Michael Aschner² 

[1] Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; E-Mail:;Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA; E-Mail:;Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; E-Mail:;Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Science, State University of Londrina, Parana 10011, Brazil; E-Mail:

关键词: manganese-induced parkinsonism;    manganese neurotoxicity;    Parkinson’s disease (PD);    manganism;    neurodegenerative diseases;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph120707519

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element necessary for physiological processes that support development, growth and neuronal function. Secondary to elevated exposure or decreased excretion, Mn accumulates in the basal ganglia region of the brain and may cause a parkinsonian-like syndrome, referred to as manganism. The present review discusses the advances made in understanding the essentiality and neurotoxicity of Mn. We review occupational Mn-induced parkinsonism and the dynamic modes of Mn transport in biological systems, as well as the detection and pharmacokinetic modeling of Mn trafficking. In addition, we review some of the shared similarities, pathologic and clinical distinctions between Mn-induced parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease. Where possible, we review the influence of Mn toxicity on dopamine, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate neurotransmitter levels and function. We conclude with a survey of the preventive and treatment strategies for manganism and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD).

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.