Use of Causal Diagrams to Inform the Design and Interpretation of Observational Studies: An Example from the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP)

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Colin Baigent¹  Jonathan Emberson¹  Christina A. Reith¹  Martin J. Landray¹  Natalie Staplin¹  Parminder K. Judge¹  William G. Herrington¹  Richard Haynes¹ 

关键词: Bone marrow necrosis;    Sickle cell disease;    Hyperhemolysis syndrome;   

DOI  :  10.2215/CJN.02430316

学科分类：泌尿医学

来源: American Society of Nephrology

【 摘 要 】

Observational studies often seek to estimate the causal relevance of an exposure to an outcome of interest. However, manypossible biases can arise when estimating such relationships, in particular bias because of confounding. To control for confoundingproperly, careful consideration of the nature of the assumed relationships between the exposure, the outcome, and other characteristicsis required. Causal diagrams provide a simple graphic means of displaying such relationships, describing the assumptions made,and allowing for the identification of a set of characteristics that should be taken into account (i.e., adjusted for) in any analysis. Furthermore, causal diagrams can be used to identify other possible sources of bias (suchas selection bias), which if understood from the outset, can inform the planning of appropriate analyses. In this article,we review the basic theory of causal diagrams and describe some of the methods available to identify which characteristicsneed to be taken into account when estimating the total effect of an exposure on an outcome. In doing so, we review the conceptof collider bias and show how it is inappropriate to adjust for characteristics that may be influenced, directly or indirectly,by both the exposure and the outcome of interest. A motivating example is taken from the Study of Heart and Renal Protection,in which the relevance of smoking to progression to ESRD is considered.

【 授权许可】

Unknown