Evaluation of cardiopulmonary parameters and recovery from anesthesia in cougars (Puma concolor) anesthetized with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira

Frazilio, Fabrício O.²  Cavalcanti, Álvaro R.¹  Cavalcanti, Guilherme¹  Leal, Rodrigo C.¹  Santos, Élson B.¹  Albuquerque, Verônica B.²  Araújo, Marcelo A.²  Oliveira, Alice R.² 

[1] Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres, Campo Grande, Brazil;Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil

关键词:  Inhalation anesthesia;    wild felids;    sedation;    alfa-2 agonists;    dissociative anesthesia;    chemical restraint;   

DOI  :  10.1590/S0100-736X2016000100006

来源: Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal-CBPA

【 摘 要 】

:The aim of this study was to assess the cardiopulmonary effects, the onset time after the administration of a detomidine/ketamine combination, and the recovery from anesthesia of cougars (Puma concolor) anesthetized with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane for abdominal ultrasound imaging. Fourteen animals were randomly allocated into two experimental groups: GISO (n=7) and GSEVO (n=7). Chemical restraint was performed using 0.15mg/kg detomidine combined with 5mg/kg ketamine intramuscularly; anesthesia induction was achieved using 2mg/kg propofol intravenously and maintenance with isoflurane (GISO) or sevoflurane (GSEVO). The following parameters were assessed: heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, oxyhemoglobin saturation, rectal temperature, central venous pressure, and end-tidal carbon dioxide. The time to sternal recumbency (TSR) and time to standing position (TSP) were also determined. There was not statistically significant difference for the cardiopulmonary variables or TSP whereas TSR was significantly shorter in GSEVO. The time to onset of anesthesia was 11.1±1.2 minutes and 11.3±1.8 minutes for GISO and GSEVO, respectively. The anesthesia of cougars with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane was conducted with safety, cardiopulmonary stability, and increased time to sternal recumbency in the GISO group.Index Terms: Inhalation anesthesia; wild felids; sedation; alfa-2 agonists; dissociative anesthesia; chemical restraintResumo:O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e a recuperação anestésica de onças-pardas (Puma concolor) submetidas à anestesia com detomidina/cetamina e isofluorano ou sevofluorano para avaliação ultrassonográfica abdominal. Para isso, foram utilizados 14 animais divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais GISO (n=7) e GSEVO (n=7). Foram submetidos à contenção química com detomidina 0,15mg/kg associada à cetamina 5mg/kg pela via intramuscular, induzidos com propofol 2mg/kg pela via intravenosa e mantidos com isofluorano (GISO) ou sevofluorano. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: frequência cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, média e diastólica saturação de oxihemoglobina, temperatura retal, pressão venosa central e fração expirada de dióxido de carbono. O tempo para adoção de decúbito esternal e posição quadrupedal também foram avaliados. Não houve diferença estatística para as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e no tempo para adoção da posição quadrupedal. O tempo para adoção de decúbito esternal foi significativamente menor no GSEVO em relação ao GISO. Concluiu-se que a anestesia de onças pardas com detomidina/cetamina e isoflurano ou sevoflurano foi realizada de maneira segura, com estabilidade cardiorrespiratória e com aumento no tempo para adoção de decúbito esternal no GISO.Termos de Indexação: Anestesia inalatória; felinos selvagens; sedação; agonistas alfa-2; anestesia dissociativa; contenção químicaIntroductionThe cougar (Puma concolor) is Brazil's second largest felid. This species is found in a wide variety of habitats -from forests to savannas - and groups are occasionally seen in altered environments such as farmlands and pasturelands; in fact, cougars may be present in every Brazilian biome (Mazzolli 1993, Quadros et al. 2009).The effects of most anesthetics routinely used in veterinary medicine on cougars are still unclear. However, studies involving these animals require chemical restraint, given their unruly behavior in the presence of humans. Therefore, the various chemical immobilization techniques of wild mammals are an invaluable tool in the search of these animals (Hime 1974, Logan et al. 1986, Barone et al. 1994, Tomizawa et al. 1997, Miller et al. 2003, Fahlman et al. 2005, Jacquier et al. 2006, Carpenter & Brunson 2013).Ideally, drugs that we should use in these animals, whether free ranging or captive, should enable fully reversible, rapid, and reliable anesthesia induction and immobilization with cardiorespiratory stability (Wenger et al. 2010). Combinations of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and dissociative agents have long been reported in the immobilization of large carnivores (Logan et al. 1986, Tomizawa et al. 1997, Jacquier et al. 2006, Carpenter & Brunson 2013) as an available and safe option - requiring, however, supplemental doses or induction of general anesthesia in procedures lasting longer than 5-20 minutes (Carpenter & Brunson 2013).Another safe and available option for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia are inhalant anesthetic agents such as isoflurane and sevoflurane. Whenever feasible, these are the anesthetics of choice for lengthy procedures, since the control of anesthetic depth is more precise and recovery time is considered short (Tomizawa et al. 1997, Carpenter & Brunson 2013).Given the scarcity of data in the literature on safe and flexible anesthesia protocols for cougars, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects, the onset time of anesthesia after the administration of detomidine/ketamine to allow handling by the team, and the recovery time of cougars (Puma concolor) anesthetized with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane for abdominal ultrasound imaging. The study hypothesis was that the anesthesia protocol would not cause clinically relevant cardiorespiratory alterations in either group and the time of recovery from anesthesia would be shorter in the sevoflurane group.Materials and MethodsThe study has been approved by the local Committee of Ethics in Animal Use under the registration number-628/2014 and by Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), under the registration number-05188761 and was conducted in compliance with good clinical practice and animal welfare guidelines. Fourteen cougars classified as ASA I obtained from the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres (Wild Animal Rehabilitation Center) in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil and from the Green Farm CO2 Free in Itaquiraí, MS, Brazil were included. The animals were anesthetized for abdominal ultrasound imaging academic studies.All the study animals were maintained under the same experimental conditions, underwent the same fasting period (no food or water), and were handled by the same team using the same methods to prevent the influence of extraneous variables on the results.Given the unruly nature of this species, the cougars underwent -without a baseline assessment-chemical restraint with detomidine hydrochloride at 0.15mg/kg (10mg/mL, Dormium V, Agener União Saúde Animal, Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil) combined with ketamine at 5mg/kg (100mg/mL, Vetaset, Fort Dodge Saúde Animal, Campinas/SP, Brazil) intramuscularly (IM) by remote darting (Dist-Inject nylon easy model 5mL, 11mm, Switzerland) using an air rifle (Syringer projector Dist-Inject model 50N, Switzerland).After 30 minutes, the animals were moved to the operating department, where they were manipulated for collection of data regarding the parameters for the T0 time point: respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), invasive systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) measurements by arterial catheterization (20 G Insyte; BD, Juiz de For a/MG, Brazil) of the right metatarsal artery, oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), and rectal temperature (RT). Those parameters were recorded with the aid of a multiparametric monitor (DX 2010, Dixtal, Manaus/AM, Brazil). An intravenous catheter (20 G Insyte; BD, Juiz de Fora/MG, Brazil) was placed into the right cephalic vein for fluid therapy with Ringer lactate (Glicolabor, Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil) at 5mL/kg/h.Subsequently, induction of anesthesia was achieved with propofol at a dosage of 2mg/kg (10mg/mL, Propovan, Cristália, São Paulo/SP, Brazil) intravenously (IV), followed by tracheal intubation with a 9.5 endotracheal tube. The animals were maintained on 100% oxygen and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane.The cougars were allocated into two experimental groups of seven animal each: GISO, animals anesthetized with isoflurane (Isoforine, Cristália, São Paulo/SP, Brazil) and GSEVO, animals anesthetized with sevoflurane (Sevocris, Cristália, São Paulo/SP, Brazil). Parameters were assessed at the following time points: T0-30 minutes after the administration of detomidine/ketamine; T1-10minutes after induction with propofol, and T2, T3, T4,and T5-45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes of anesthesia, respectively.At each time point (T0 to T5); HR, RR and SpO2 were assessed using a multiparametric monitor (DX 2010, Dixtal, Manaus/AM, Brazil). RT was measured using a clinical digital thermometer (Incoterm Donotherm, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil), and SAP, MAP and DAP were determined by means of an arterial catheter (20G Insyte; BD, Juiz de For a/MG, Brazil) placed into the right metatarsal artery and connected to a calibrated pressure transducer placed at the level of the sternum and zeroed prior to the recordings.Central venous catheterization was performed by placing a catheter into the right jugular vein (16G Intracath; BD, Juiz de Fora/MG, Brazil) to gauge central venous pressure (CVP). End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and end-tidal sevoflurane (ETsev) and isoflurane (ETiso) were determined using a modular gas analyzer (DX 2010, Dixtal, Manaus/AM, Brazil). All these variables were determined at the time points T1 to T5.Further, the onset time of sedation was investigated for both groups, considering the time span between the administration of detomidine/ketamine IM and the moment when the animal could be handled by the team. The recovery time from anesthesia was also assessed, considering the time of inhalant supply cessation to sternal recumbency (TSR) and the time required for the animal to standup (TSP). The animals were also monitored for adverse effects or complications of anesthesia during the first 24 hours following the procedure.The data were expressed as means and standard deviations (M±SD). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate normality. Normally distributed data (parametric) were examined with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tu

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