Maintenance of Brazilian Biodiversity by germplasm bank

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira

Cardoso, Rafaela N.R.¹  Paraventi, Mariana D.¹  Martins, Daniele S.¹  Ambrósio, Carlos E.¹  Machado, Luciana C.¹  Oliveira, Vanessa C.¹ 

[1] Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil

关键词:  Preservation;    germoplasm bank;    threatened species;    cryopreservation;    biotecnology;   

DOI  :  10.1590/S0100-736X2016000100010

来源: Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal-CBPA

【 摘 要 】

:Currently the importance of using alternative strategies for biodiversity conservation is emphasized and since the establishment of germplasm bank is an alternative to the conservation of endangered species. This is a technique of great importance for the maintenance of Brazilian fauna. Since the early70'sthere was a growing concern about the need to preserve essential genetic resources for food and agriculture, mainly for conservation of genetic material from farm animals. Thus was created the Brasilia Zoo, in July 2010, the first Germplasm Bank of Wild Animals in Latin America, as an alternative strategy for the conservation of threatened or endangered species, using both gametes and somatic cells and stem cells. Then we argue to create new banks or research networks among different regions with aimed to tissue preservation.Index Terms: Preservation; germoplasm bank; threatened species; cryopreservation; biotecnologyResumo:Atualmente, a importância do uso de estratégias alternativas para a preservação da biodiversidade é ressaltada e, visto que a criação de bancos de germoplasma é uma alternativa para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas, esta é uma técnica de suma importância para a manutenção da fauna brasileira. Desde o começo da década de 70 houve uma crescente preocupação sobre a necessidade de se preservar recursos genéticos essenciais para alimentação e agricultura, voltados principalmente, para a conservação de material genético de animais de produção. Deste modo, foi criado pelo Jardim Zoológico de Brasília, em julho de 2010, o primeiro Banco de Germoplasma de Animais Selvagens da América Latina, como uma estratégia alternativa para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas ou em perigo de extinção, utilizando tanto gametas como células somáticas e células-tronco. Com isto ponderamos na criação de novos bancos ou redes de pesquisa inter-regionais que foquem nesta preservação tecidual.Termos de Indexação: Preservação; banco de germoplasma; espécies em extinção; criopreservação; biotecnologiaIntroductionThe biodiversity present in Brazil is one of the most significant in the world and its wealth, both animals and vegetables are the subject of great interest in various sectors, among which stands out the scientific community and there are interest in the preservation of the present species. (Costa & Martins 2008).According to Houghton et al. 2011, it is estimated that in a few years endangered species will become extinct and others endangered because of the interference of both climate and vegetation, which can cause fragmentation of the habitats and impede the species migration, and these date are current. Although some initiatives to prevent the loss of biodiversity, such as the expansion of protected areas, cannot be avoided, because of referred them areas do not protect all animals or species of interest (Silva et al. 2012).Preservation of the species depends of the minimum number of viable individuals. The loss of the populations is an unprecedented and may irreversible fate. To ensure a minimum of biodiversity, maintenance and perpetuation of the species, which cannot be sure secured, it is necessary the proper management of populations (Costa & Martins 2008).Genetic resources are comprised by the genetic variability organized in a number of different materials among themselves, called germplasm. Each germplasm unit is formed by the genetic material of living organisms of current or potential interest. Consequently, the germplasm is the element of genetic resources operated and used in research in general, especially for genetic improvement programs (Ministério do Meio Ambiente 1998).Currently, the importance of using alternative strategies for biodiversity conservation is emphasized and the establishment of germplasm bank is an alternative for the endangered species conservation; this is a short technical importance for the maintenance of the Brazilian fauna. The introduction of DNA collections can be used in numerous conservation studies as discrimination of endangered species, reproductive management strategies, selecting a preservation of a species status and currently these banks assist in monitoring the biodiversity protection laws as, for example, in identifying whale species from samples collected in the meat trade (Santos et al. 2002).The germplasm banks are a fundamental role in the study of biodiversity and conservation. The possibilities facing a genomic collection are essential, when discussing the management and recovery of several species and may be noted endangered species and even extinct. Today it is possible to apply genetic knowledge in biotechnology research, evolutionary, comparative, taxonomic and ecological studies, saying the scientific and technological potential of genomic reserves (Santos et al. 2002).Literature ReviewEvents in Brazil linked to concern of preservation of the speciesSince the beginning of the 70 decade there was an increasing concern about the need to preserve essential genetic resources for food and agriculture. In 1974 was created Embrapa - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - a research center whose mission was to coordinate appropriate resources to manage the genetic resources of the country and still responsible for it nowadays. The main activities involve enrichment, by collecting germplasm introduction, exchange and quarantine conservation: in situ (or in nature or on the farm) and ex situ (seeds in cold storage; explants in vitro culture, the micro-organisms; cryopreservation of semen, embryos and oocytes); characterization: phenotypic, genetic and information (Mariante et al. 2009).Biological diversity is the

【 授权许可】

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