A perpetual mass-generating Planckian universe

Estonian Academy of Sciences. Proceedings

Arved Sapar¹ 

关键词: cosmology;    model universes;    Mach’s principle;    dark energy;    dark matter.;    1.;   

DOI  :  10.3176/proc.2019.1.01

学科分类：化学（综合）

来源: Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus

【 摘 要 】

The local Friedmann–Einstein equation of general relativity for model universes is generalized, in the spirit of Mach’sprinciple, to an integro-differential equation by introducing the gravitational potential of the universe. This equation is thereafterintegrated, and a useful differential equation is obtained, which in the flat space can equivalently be treated by special relativity.An important formula is proposed, which demonstrates that the light speed squared, c2, is equal to the gravitational potential. Inthis model universe the critical density of matter turns out to be three times smaller than traditionally obtained, thus removing thenecessity of dark energy. The evolutionary scenario of the flat-space universe replaces the concept of the traditional Big Banguniverse by a steady Milne-type everlasting mass-generating universe. In it not only the initial state of the universe, but also itsevolutionary scenario is determined by four fundamental constants of physics, which specify also the light speed as the dilution rateand the constant Planckian mass generation rate, ˙M = c3=6G. The observed value of the inverse Hubble parameter is the currentage of the universe to the observer. Moreover, due to the constancy of the gravitational potential, the model avoids primordialinflationary expansion of the universe and anthropocentrism of the present epoch in its evolutionary scenario. Simple formulaeare derived, which demonstrate that the primordial nucleogenesis of light atoms and the formation of the cosmic microwawebackground occur at an almost identical temporal run of temperature and density for any reasonable value of the state parametern of the model universe studied. The evolutionary differences can appear for a LCDM model universe only at redshift values lessthan one.

【 授权许可】

CC BY-NC