Pharmaceutical company spending on research and development and promotion in Canada, 2013-2016: a cohort analysis

Southern Med Review

Joel Lexchin^1¹ 

[1]State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China^1

[2]Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China^2

[3]Beilun Bureau of Meteorology, Ningbo 315800, China^3

[4]Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China^4

[5]Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China^5

[6]Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA^6

[7]John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA^7

[8]Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil^8

[9]Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA^9

[10]now at: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA^10

[11]Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA^11

[12]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA^12

[13]now at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA^13

[14]Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil^14

[15]now at: IMT Lille Douai, Université Lille, SAGE, Lille, France^15

[16]now at: Agrarian Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil^16

[17]now at: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China^17

[18]Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA^18

[19]Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA^19

[20]Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA^20

[21]Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA^21

[22]Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China^22

[23]Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, MA 01821, USA^23

[24]Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China^24

[25]Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA^25

[26]Key Lab. of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China^26

[27]Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China^27

[28]School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China^28

[29]CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China^29

[30]College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China^30

[31]School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China^31

[32]Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands^32

[33]These authors contributed equally to this work^33

[34]Palaeomagnetic Laboratory “Fort Hoofddijk”, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands^34

[35]Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32 IFZ, 35392 Giessen, Germany^35

[36]National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology (GeoEcoMar), 23–25 Dimitrie Onciul St., 024053 Bucharest, Romania^36

[37]Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Bălcescu Bd. 1, 010041 Bucharest, Romania^37

[38]CASP, West Building, Madingley Rise, Madingley Road, CB3 0UD, Cambridge, UK^38

[39]Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Sos. Kiseleff Nr. 1, 011341 Bucharest, Romania^39

[40]NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Ocean Systems, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands^40

[41]Department of Geosciences and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands^41

[42]National Center For Atmospheric Research, Research Application Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA^42

[43]UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Leipzig, Germany^43

[44]Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic^44

[45]now at: Coldwater Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, Canmore, Alberta, Canada^45

[46]Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA^46

[47]Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary^47

[48]Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deák Ferenc u. 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary^48

[49]previously published under the name Tóth^49

[50]Faculty of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany^50

[51]Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia^51

[52]Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^52

[53]Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada^53

[54]GHD Canada, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^54

[55]Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada^55

[56]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^56

[57]Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada^57

[58]Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada^58

[59]National Hydrology Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada^59

[60]Water Institute and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^60

[61]Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada^61

[62]Département de Géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada^62

[63]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK^63

[64]Grantham Institute – Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, London, UK^64

[65]HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK^65

[66]Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, ARL, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge, USA^66

[67]Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada^67

[68]World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland^68

[69]Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway^69

[70]National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA^70

[71]Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dartmouth, Canada^71

[72]Meteoswiss, Payerne, Switzerland^72

[73]Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Canada^73

[74]Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, Canada^74

[75]Delegación Territorial de AEMET (Spanish National Meteorological Agency) en Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain^75

[76]Integrated Water Systems and Governance, IHE Delft, Delft, the Netherlands^76

[77]Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands^77

[78]Mediterranean Agronomic Institute (MAIB) – Land and Water Department, Valenzano (Bari), Italy^78

[79]University of Basilicata, School of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Sciences – Hydraulics and Hydrology Division, Potenza, Italy^79

[80]Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy^80

[81]Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy^81

[82]Groundwater and Quaternary Geology Mapping Department, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Aarhus, Denmark^82

[83]State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China^83

[84]Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1022 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway^84

[85]EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France^85

[86]GET-GRGS, UMR 5563, CNRS/IRD/UPS, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 31400 Toulouse, France^86

[87]LEGOS-GRGS, UMR 5566, CNRS/IRD/UPS, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 31400 Toulouse, France^87

[88]Dép. Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, groupe BOREAS and Québec-Océan, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des ursulines, Rimouski, Qc, G5L 3A1, Canada^88

[89]Geology and Applied Geology Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium^89

[90]Seismology-Gravimetry, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium^90

[91]Invited contribution by Arnaud Watlet, recipient of the EGU Hydrological Sciences Outstanding Student Poster and PICO Award 2016^91

[92]Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique – Nantes (LPGN), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nantes, UMR-CNRS 6112, Rue de la Houssinière 2, BP92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France^92

[93]Department of Geology, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium^93

[94]British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK^94

[95]Department of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^95

[96]Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria^96

[97]Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany^97

[98]ENVEO IT GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria^98

[99]National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia^99

[100]Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea^100

[101]Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia^101

[102]Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA^102

[103]Institute of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^103

[104]LuftBlick, Innsbruck, Austria^104

[105]Division for Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^105

[106]Department of Statistics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^106

[107]Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil^107

[108]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA^108

[109]University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana^109

[110]China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China^110

[111]Nacional Colonia La Campaña, Tegucigalpa, Honduras^111

[112]Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA^112

[113]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^113

[114]Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brasil^114

[115]Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brasil^115

[116]Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile^116

[117]Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile^117

[118]Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile^118

[119]Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA^119

[120]Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, USA^120

[121]Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, USA^121

[122]Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brasil^122

[123]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brasil^123

[124]Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^124

[125]Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^125

[126]Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, Brasil^126

[127]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil^127

[128]Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil^128

[129]Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil^129

[130]Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil^130

[131]Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil^131

[132]Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, Brasil^132

[133]Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brasil^133

[134]Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil^134

[135]Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil^135

[136]Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, Brasil^136

[137]Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brasil^137

[138]Howard University, Washington DC, United States of America^138

[139]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Salvador, Brasil^139

[140]Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil^140

[141]Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brasil^141

[142]Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil^142

[143]Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brasil^143

[144]Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Brasil^144

[145]Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil^145

[146]Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^146

[147]Institut Pasteur, Paris, France^147

[148]Broad Institute, United States^148

[149]Harvard, Cambridge, USA^149

[150]Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom^150

[151]Duke University, Durham, USA^151

[152]University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia^152

[153]Universidad de Pamplona, Cúcuta, Colombia^153

[154]Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba^154

[155]Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia^155

[156]Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA^156

[157]Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain^157

[158]University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK^158

[159]Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina^159

[160]Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina^160

[161]Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay^161

[162]Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay^162

[163]Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay^163

[164]Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México^164

[165]Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México^165

[166]Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain^166

[167]Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain^167

[168]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Porto Velho, Brasil^168

[169]Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brasil^169

[170]Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil^170

[171]Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brasil^171

[172]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, Brasil^172

[173]University of Leeds, Leeds, UK^173

[174]Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^174

[175]Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brasil^175

[176]Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brasil^176

[177]Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil^177

[178]Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brasil^178

[179]Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brasil^179

[180]Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brasil^180

[181]Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brasil^181

[182]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, Brasil^182

[183]Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, UK^183

[184]Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil^184

[185]University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic^185

[186]Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^186

[187]University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland^187

[188]Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brasil^188

[189]Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas, Mexico^189

[190]Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico^190

[191]Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México^191

[192]Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Y Tecnología, Zacatecas, México^192

[193]Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France^193

[194]Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalupe, México^194

[195]Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico^195

[196]Universidad Anahuac, Mexico Norte, Mexico^196

[197]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Recife, Brasil^197

[198]Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil^198

[199]Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana^199

[200]Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina^200

[201]Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil^201

[202]Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brasil^202

[203]Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, USA^203

[204]Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic^204

[205]Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil^205

[206]Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil^206

[207]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^207

[208]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brasil^208

[209]Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil^209

[210]Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Piauí, Teresina, Brasil^210

[211]Fundação Municipal de Saúde de Teresina, Teresina, Brasil^211

[212]Internal Medicine^212

[213]Duke University Health System^213

[214]Pediatrics^214

[215]Neonatal Unit^215

[216]Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board^216

[217]Department of Radiation Oncology^217

[218]University of Florida College of Medicine^218

[219]Department of Clinical and Health Psychology^219

[220]University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions^220

[221]Internal Medicine Department^221

[222]Yale New Haven Health Bridgeport Hospital^222

[223]Endocrinology Department^223

[224]Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Department^224

[225]Yale School of Medicine^225

[226]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry^226

[227]South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust^227

[228]College of Health Professions^228

[229]The University of Akron^229

[230]College of Pharmacy^230

[231]Northeastern Ohio Medical University^231

[232]Department of Pharmacy^232

[233]Summa Health^233

[234]School of Health Sciences^234

[235]Cleveland State University^235

[236]Seniors Institute Research^236

[237]Summa Health System^237

[238]Emergency Medicine^238

[239]Academic and Community Emergency Specialists^239

[240]Senior Health^240

[241]Family and Community Medicine^241

[242]School of Social Work^242

[243]School of Nursing^243

[244]School of Counseling^244

[245]Planning and Quality Improvement^245

[246]Direction Home Area Agency on Aging and Disabilities^246

[247]Department of Statistics^247

[248]Family Medicine^248

[249]Palliative and Supportive Services^249

[250]Flinders University Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences^250

[251]Professional Practice^251

[252]Humber River Hospital^252

[253]Department of Quality and Patient Safety^253

[254]Department of Anesthesia^254

[255]Niagara Health^255

[256]Critical Care^256

[257]Senior Administration^257

[258]Niagara Regional Campus, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine^258

[259]McMaster University^259

[260]Brock University^260

[261]Department of Medicine^261

[262]Department of Psychiatry^262

[263]Queen’s University^263

[264]University of Amsterdam^264

[265]University Hospital Essen^265

[266]‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy^266

[267]Amphia Hospital^267

[268]Albert Schweitzer Hospital^268

[269]Erasmus Medical Centre^269

[270]VU Medical Centre^270

[271]Maastricht University Medical Centre^271

[272]Radboud University Medical Centre^272

[273]Haaglanden Medical Centre^273

[274]Leiden University Medical Centre^274

[275]University Medical Centre Utrecht^275

[276]University Medical Centre Groningen^276

[277]Northwest Clinics^277

[278]St Antonius Hospital^278

[279]Academic Medical Centre^279

[280]University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Standort Giessen^280

[281]Isala Clinics^281

[282]Queen's University, Centre for Health Services and Policy Research^282

[283] Queen’s University, School of Geography and Urban and Regional Planning^283

[284]Queen’s University, School of Rehabilitation Therapy^284

[285] Queen's University, Centre for Health Services and Policy Research^285

[286]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brasil^286

[287]Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil^287

[288]Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, Brasil^288

[289]Hospital Otávio de Freitas, Recife, Brasil^289

[290]Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^290

[291]Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Brasil^291

[292]Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Brasil^292

[293]Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, Brasil^293

[294]Hospital Regional João Penido, Juiz de Fora, Brasil^294

[295]Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brasil^295

[296]Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil^296

[297]Centro Universitário de Anápolis, UniEvangélica, Anápolis, Brasil^297

[298]Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil^298

[299]Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Brasília, Brasil^299

[300]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brasil^300

[301]Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brasil^301

[302]Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^302

[303]Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, USA^303

[304]Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil^304

[305]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil^305

[306]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^306

[307]Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^307

[308]Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil^308

[309]National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands^309

[310]Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium^310

[311]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^311

[312]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil^312

[313]National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan^313

[314]National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan^314

[315]US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, USA^315

[316]National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan^316

[317]University of California, Los Angeles, USA^317

[318]Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan^318

[319]Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan^319

[320]Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Fortaleza, Brazil^320

[321]Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil^321

[322]Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, Brazil^322

[323]Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil^323

[324]Instituto de Prevenção de Câncer, Fortaleza, Brazil^324

[325]Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^325

[326]Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil^326

[327]Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil^327

[328]University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, USA^328

[329]Wadsworth Center, Albany, USA^329

[330]University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA^330

[331]Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru^331

[332]Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru^332

[333]Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil^333

[334]Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brasil^334

[335]Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, Brazil^335

[336]Hospital Geral, Nova Iguaçu, Brasil^336

[337]Laboratory of Pharmacology^337

[338] Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration^338

[339] School of Pharmacy^339

[340] Fluminense Federal University^340

[341] Niterói - RJ, Brazil^341

[342]Laboratory for Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation^342

[343] Institute of Biomedical Sciences^343

[344] Federal University of Rio de Janeiro^344

[345] Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil^345

[346]Laboratory for Veterinary Clinical Pathology^346

[347] Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinics^347

[348] School of Veterinary Medicine^348

[349]Laboratory of Physiochemical Quality Control^349

[350] Department of Pharmaceutical Technology^350

[351]Laboratory of Arthropods^351

[352] Scientific Directorship^352

[353] Vital Brazil Institute^353

[354]Biotherium^354

[355] Niterói - RJ, Brazil. Find articles by Sabrina Calil Elias^355

[356]Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^356

[357]Pharmacy Board of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^357

[358]Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^358

[359]Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia^359

[360]Chronic Kidney Disease Resource Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia^360

[361]Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan^361

[362]Health Care Biotechnology Department, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan^362

[363]Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan^363

[364]Kuwait Pharmaceutical Association, Kuwait City, Kuwait^364

[365]Health Outcomes Strategies GmbH, Basel, Switzerland^365

[366]Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait^366

[367]Department of Pharmacology and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait^367

[368]Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait^368

[369]Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary^369

[370]Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary^370

[371]King Faisal University, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia^371

[372]The University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, USA^372

[373]Banner-University Medical Center South, Pharmacy Department, Tucson, USA^373

[374]Monash University, School of Pharmacy, Clayton, Australia^374

[375]Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan^375

[376]Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland^376

[377]University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland^377

[378]Senior pharmaceutical consultant, Dar es Salaam and senior lecturer at St. John’s University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania^378

[379]Senior pharmaceutical consultant, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Tanzania^379

[380]Health System Resource Center, President’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government, Dodoma, Tanzania^380

[381]Regional Medical Officer, Regional Administrative Secretary’s Office, Dodoma, Tanzania^381

[382]Health Promotion and System Strengthening Project, Dodoma, Tanzania^382

[383]Regional Pharmacist, Regional Administrative Secretary’s Office, Dodoma, Tanzania^383

[384]Director of Health Services, Social Welfare and Nutrition Services, President’s Office of Regional Administration and Local Government, Dodoma, Tanzania^384

[385]Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana^385

[386]Radboud University Medical Center, Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands^386

[387]Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden^387

[388]Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana^388

[389]Centre for Health Policy and Implementation Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana^389

[390]Statistics Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^390

[391]Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands^391

[392]Global Health Unit, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands^392

[393]Medicines Law & Policy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands^393

[394]Director Pan-African Treatment Access Movement (PATAM), 4th floor Livingstone House, Harare, Zimbabwe^394

[395]Medicines Law & Policy, Contamine sur Arve, France^395

[396]College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada^396

[397]Pharmacists Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada^397

[398]School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada^398

[399]Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia^399

[400]Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia^400

[401]Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia^401

[402]Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Malaysia^402

[403]Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA^403

[404]Hospitals Insurance Company, New York, USA^404

[405]Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA^405

[406]Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA^406

[407]Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA^407

[408]Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway^408

[409]Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway^409

[410]Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan^410

[411]School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada^411

[412]University Health Network, Toronto, Canada^412

关键词: Canada;    Expenditure;    Pharmaceutical industry;    Promotion;    Research and development;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s40545-018-0132-3

学科分类：药理学

来源: BioMed Central

【 摘 要 】

Competing claims are made about the amount of money that pharmaceutical companies spend on research and development (R&D) versus promotion. This study investigates this question in the Canadian context. Two methods for determining industry-wide figures for spending on promotion were employed. First, total industry spending on detailing and journal advertising for 2013-2016 was abstracted from reports from QuintilesIMS. Second, the mean total promotion spending for the years 2002-2005 was used to estimate total spending for 2013-2016. Total industry spending on R&D came from the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (PMPRB). R&D to promotion spending using each method of determining the amount spent on promotion was compared for 2013-2016 inclusive. Data on the 50 top promoted drugs, the amounts spent, the companies marketing these products and their overall sales were abstracted from the QuintilesIMS reports. Spending on R&D and promotion as a percent of sales was compared for these companies. Industry wide, the ratio of R&D to promotion spending went from 1.43 to 2.18 when promotion was defined as the amount spent on detailing and journal advertising for the 50 most promoted drugs. Calculating total promotion spending from the mean of the 2002-2005 figures the ratio was 0.88 to 1.32 for the 50 most promoted drugs. For individual companies marketing one or more of the 50 most promoted drugs, mean R&D spending ranged from 3.7% of sales to 4.1% compared to mean promotion spending that went from 1.7 to 1.9%. The ratio of spending on R&D to promotion varied from 2.11 to 2.32. Eight to 10 companies per year spent more on promotion than on R&D. Depending on the method used to determine promotion spending, industry-wide the ratio of R&D spending to promotion ranges from 1.45 to 2.18 (sales representatives and journal advertising only) or from 0.88 to 1.32 (total promotion spending estimated based 2003-2005 data.) For the individual companies promoting one or more of the 50 most promoted drugs, 2.11 to 2.32 times more is spent on R&D compared to promotion. However these results should be interpreted cautiously because of data limitations.

【 授权许可】

Unknown