A brief history of metrology: past, present, and future

International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering

Jean-Pierre Fanton^1¹ 

[1] State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China^1;Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China^2;Beilun Bureau of Meteorology, Ningbo 315800, China^3;Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China^4;Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China^5;Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA^6;John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA^7;Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil^8;Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA^9;now at: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA^10;Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA^11;Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA^12;now at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA^13;Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil^14;now at: IMT Lille Douai, Université Lille, SAGE, Lille, France^15;now at: Agrarian Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil^16;now at: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China^17;Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA^18;Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA^19;Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA^20;Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA^21;Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China^22;Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, MA 01821, USA^23;Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China^24;Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA^25;Key Lab. of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China^26;Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China^27;School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China^28;CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China^29;College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China^30;School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China^31;Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands^32;These authors contributed equally to this work^33;Palaeomagnetic Laboratory “Fort Hoofddijk”, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands^34;Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32 IFZ, 35392 Giessen, Germany^35;National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology (GeoEcoMar), 23–25 Dimitrie Onciul St., 024053 Bucharest, Romania^36;Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Bălcescu Bd. 1, 010041 Bucharest, Romania^37;CASP, West Building, Madingley Rise, Madingley Road, CB3 0UD, Cambridge, UK^38;Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Sos. Kiseleff Nr. 1, 011341 Bucharest, Romania^39;NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Ocean Systems, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands^40;Department of Geosciences and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands^41;National Center For Atmospheric Research, Research Application Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA^42;UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Leipzig, Germany^43;Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic^44;now at: Coldwater Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, Canmore, Alberta, Canada^45;Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA^46;Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary^47;Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deák Ferenc u. 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary^48;previously published under the name Tóth^49;Faculty of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany^50;Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia^51;Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^52;Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada^53;GHD Canada, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^54;Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada^55;Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^56;Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada^57;Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada^58;National Hydrology Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada^59;Water Institute and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada^60;Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada^61;Département de Géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada^62;Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK^63;Grantham Institute – Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, London, UK^64;HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK^65;Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, ARL, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge, USA^66;Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada^67;World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland^68;Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway^69;National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA^70;Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dartmouth, Canada^71;Meteoswiss, Payerne, Switzerland^72;Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Canada^73;Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, Canada^74;Delegación Territorial de AEMET (Spanish National Meteorological Agency) en Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain^75;Integrated Water Systems and Governance, IHE Delft, Delft, the Netherlands^76;Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands^77;Mediterranean Agronomic Institute (MAIB) – Land and Water Department, Valenzano (Bari), Italy^78;University of Basilicata, School of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Sciences – Hydraulics and Hydrology Division, Potenza, Italy^79;Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy^80;Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy^81;Groundwater and Quaternary Geology Mapping Department, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Aarhus, Denmark^82;State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China^83;Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1022 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway^84;EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France^85;GET-GRGS, UMR 5563, CNRS/IRD/UPS, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 31400 Toulouse, France^86;LEGOS-GRGS, UMR 5566, CNRS/IRD/UPS, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 31400 Toulouse, France^87;Dép. Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, groupe BOREAS and Québec-Océan, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des ursulines, Rimouski, Qc, G5L 3A1, Canada^88;Geology and Applied Geology Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium^89;Seismology-Gravimetry, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium^90;Invited contribution by Arnaud Watlet, recipient of the EGU Hydrological Sciences Outstanding Student Poster and PICO Award 2016^91;Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique – Nantes (LPGN), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nantes, UMR-CNRS 6112, Rue de la Houssinière 2, BP92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France^92;Department of Geology, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium^93;British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK^94;Department of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^95;Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria^96;Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany^97;ENVEO IT GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria^98;National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia^99;Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea^100;Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia^101;Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA^102;Institute of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^103;LuftBlick, Innsbruck, Austria^104;Division for Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^105;Department of Statistics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria^106;Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil^107;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA^108;University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana^109;China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China^110;Nacional Colonia La Campaña, Tegucigalpa, Honduras^111;Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA^112;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^113;Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brasil^114;Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brasil^115;Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile^116;Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile^117;Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile^118;Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA^119;Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, USA^120;Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, USA^121;Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brasil^122;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brasil^123;Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^124;Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^125;Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, Brasil^126;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil^127;Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil^128;Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil^129;Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil^130;Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil^131;Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, Brasil^132;Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brasil^133;Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil^134;Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil^135;Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, Brasil^136;Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brasil^137;Howard University, Washington DC, United States of America^138;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Salvador, Brasil^139;Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil^140;Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brasil^141;Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil^142;Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brasil^143;Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Brasil^144;Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil^145;Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^146;Institut Pasteur, Paris, France^147;Broad Institute, United States^148;Harvard, Cambridge, USA^149;Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom^150;Duke University, Durham, USA^151;University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia^152;Universidad de Pamplona, Cúcuta, Colombia^153;Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba^154;Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia^155;Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA^156;Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain^157;University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK^158;Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina^159;Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina^160;Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay^161;Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay^162;Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay^163;Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México^164;Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México^165;Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain^166;Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain^167;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Porto Velho, Brasil^168;Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brasil^169;Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil^170;Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brasil^171;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, Brasil^172;University of Leeds, Leeds, UK^173;Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^174;Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brasil^175;Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brasil^176;Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil^177;Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brasil^178;Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brasil^179;Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brasil^180;Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brasil^181;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, Brasil^182;Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, UK^183;Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil^184;University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic^185;Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^186;University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland^187;Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brasil^188;Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas, Mexico^189;Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico^190;Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México^191;Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Y Tecnología, Zacatecas, México^192;Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France^193;Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalupe, México^194;Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico^195;Universidad Anahuac, Mexico Norte, Mexico^196;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Recife, Brasil^197;Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil^198;Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana^199;Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina^200;Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil^201;Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brasil^202;Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, USA^203;Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic^204;Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil^205;Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil^206;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^207;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brasil^208;Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil^209;Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Piauí, Teresina, Brasil^210;Fundação Municipal de Saúde de Teresina, Teresina, Brasil^211;Internal Medicine^212;Duke University Health System^213;Pediatrics^214;Neonatal Unit^215;Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board^216;Department of Radiation Oncology^217;University of Florida College of Medicine^218;Department of Clinical and Health Psychology^219;University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions^220;Internal Medicine Department^221;Yale New Haven Health Bridgeport Hospital^222;Endocrinology Department^223;Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Department^224;Yale School of Medicine^225;Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry^226;South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust^227;College of Health Professions^228;The University of Akron^229;College of Pharmacy^230;Northeastern Ohio Medical University^231;Department of Pharmacy^232;Summa Health^233;School of Health Sciences^234;Cleveland State University^235;Seniors Institute Research^236;Summa Health System^237;Emergency Medicine^238;Academic and Community Emergency Specialists^239;Senior Health^240;Family and Community Medicine^241;School of Social Work^242;School of Nursing^243;School of Counseling^244;Planning and Quality Improvement^245;Direction Home Area Agency on Aging and Disabilities^246;Department of Statistics^247;Family Medicine^248;Palliative and Supportive Services^249;Flinders University Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences^250;Professional Practice^251;Humber River Hospital^252;Department of Quality and Patient Safety^253;Department of Anesthesia^254;Niagara Health^255;Critical Care^256;Senior Administration^257;Niagara Regional Campus, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine^258;McMaster University^259;Brock University^260;Department of Medicine^261;Department of Psychiatry^262;Queen’s University^263;University of Amsterdam^264;University Hospital Essen^265;‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy^266;Amphia Hospital^267;Albert Schweitzer Hospital^268;Erasmus Medical Centre^269;VU Medical Centre^270;Maastricht University Medical Centre^271;Radboud University Medical Centre^272;Haaglanden Medical Centre^273;Leiden University Medical Centre^274;University Medical Centre Utrecht^275;University Medical Centre Groningen^276;Northwest Clinics^277;St Antonius Hospital^278;Academic Medical Centre^279;University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Standort Giessen^280;Isala Clinics^281;Queen's University, Centre for Health Services and Policy Research^282; Queen’s University, School of Geography and Urban and Regional Planning^283;Queen’s University, School of Rehabilitation Therapy^284; Queen's University, Centre for Health Services and Policy Research^285;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brasil^286;Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil^287;Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, Brasil^288;Hospital Otávio de Freitas, Recife, Brasil^289;Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^290;Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Brasil^291;Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Brasil^292;Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, Brasil^293;Hospital Regional João Penido, Juiz de Fora, Brasil^294;Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brasil^295;Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil^296;Centro Universitário de Anápolis, UniEvangélica, Anápolis, Brasil^297;Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil^298;Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Brasília, Brasil^299;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brasil^300;Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brasil^301;Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil^302;Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, USA^303;Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil^304;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil^305;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^306;Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^307;Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil^308;National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands^309;Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium^310;Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^311;Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil^312;National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan^313;National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan^314;US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, USA^315;National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan^316;University of California, Los Angeles, USA^317;Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan^318;Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan^319;Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Fortaleza, Brazil^320;Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil^321;Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, Brazil^322;Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil^323;Instituto de Prevenção de Câncer, Fortaleza, Brazil^324;Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil^325;Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil^326;Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil^327;University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, USA^328;Wadsworth Center, Albany, USA^329;University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA^330;Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru^331;Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru^332;Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil^333;Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brasil^334;Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, Brazil^335;Hospital Geral, Nova Iguaçu, Brasil^336;Laboratory of Pharmacology^337; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration^338; School of Pharmacy^339; Fluminense Federal University^340; Niterói - RJ, Brazil^341;Laboratory for Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation^342; Institute of Biomedical Sciences^343; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro^344; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil^345;Laboratory for Veterinary Clinical Pathology^346; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinics^347; School of Veterinary Medicine^348;Laboratory of Physiochemical Quality Control^349; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology^350;Laboratory of Arthropods^351; Scientific Directorship^352; Vital Brazil Institute^353;Biotherium^354; Niterói - RJ, Brazil. Find articles by Sabrina Calil Elias^355;Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^356;Pharmacy Board of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^357;Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^358;Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia^359;Chronic Kidney Disease Resource Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia^360;Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan^361;Health Care Biotechnology Department, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan^362;Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan^363;Kuwait Pharmaceutical Association, Kuwait City, Kuwait^364;Health Outcomes Strategies GmbH, Basel, Switzerland^365;Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait^366;Department of Pharmacology and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait^367;Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait^368;Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary^369;Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary^370;King Faisal University, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia^371;The University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, USA^372;Banner-University Medical Center South, Pharmacy Department, Tucson, USA^373;Monash University, School of Pharmacy, Clayton, Australia^374;Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan^375;Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland^376;University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland^377;Senior pharmaceutical consultant, Dar es Salaam and senior lecturer at St. John’s University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania^378;Senior pharmaceutical consultant, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Tanzania^379;Health System Resource Center, President’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government, Dodoma, Tanzania^380;Regional Medical Officer, Regional Administrative Secretary’s Office, Dodoma, Tanzania^381;Health Promotion and System Strengthening Project, Dodoma, Tanzania^382;Regional Pharmacist, Regional Administrative Secretary’s Office, Dodoma, Tanzania^383;Director of Health Services, Social Welfare and Nutrition Services, President’s Office of Regional Administration and Local Government, Dodoma, Tanzania^384;Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana^385;Radboud University Medical Center, Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands^386;Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden^387;Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana^388;Centre for Health Policy and Implementation Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana^389;Statistics Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone^390;Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands^391;Global Health Unit, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands^392;Medicines Law & Policy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands^393;Director Pan-African Treatment Access Movement (PATAM), 4th floor Livingstone House, Harare, Zimbabwe^394;Medicines Law & Policy, Contamine sur Arve, France^395;College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada^396;Pharmacists Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada^397;School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada^398;Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia^399;Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia^400;Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia^401;Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Malaysia^402;Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA^403;Hospitals Insurance Company, New York, USA^404;Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA^405;Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA^406;Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA^407;Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway^408;Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway^409;Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan^410;School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada^411;University Health Network, Toronto, Canada^412;Instituto de Ecología Regional^413; CC34 CP4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán^414; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), CC34 CP4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina^415;Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205 CP4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina^416;Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Prado 366 CP 4700 San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina^417;Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Internal Medicine^418;Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust^419;Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research^420;University of Birmingham^421;Department of Diabetes^422;University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust^423;Medical School^424;Department of Health Informatics^425;Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham^426;University of Colorado School of Medicine^427;Office of Professional Education^428;National Jewish Health^429;Interstitial Lung Disease Program^430;Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine^431;University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus^432;Administration^433;Denver Health^434;Post Graduate Education^435;Royal Cornwall Hospital^436;European Commission^437;Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC)^438;Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Citta Metropolitana di Milano^439;Epidemiology Unit^440;Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico^441;College of Medicine^442;King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences^443;Department of Oncology^444;King Abdulaziz Medical City^445;General Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology^446;Singapore National Eye Centre^447;Clinical Audit^448;Nursing^449;Haemoglobinopathy Service^450;Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust^451;Department of Surgery^452;Royal United Hospital NHS Foundation Trust^453;Population Health Unit^454;Hunter New England Local Health District^455;Faculty of Medicine and Health^456;University of Newcastle^457;Pathology North^458;Clinical Governance Unit^459;Department of Psychiatry and Psychology^460;Mayo Clinic^461;Division of Health Policy and Management^462;University of Minnesota School of Public Health^463;Department of Social Work^464;Department of Family Medicine^465;Department of Nursing^466;Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry^467;University of Alberta^468;Department of Pediatrics^469;Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Baylor College of Medicine^470;Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics^471;University of Michigan^472;Postgraduate Medical and Dental Education Department^473;King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust^474;Department of Emergency Medicine^475;Singapore General Hospital^476;Operations and Performance Management^477;Department of Pediatrics and Child Health^478;Aga Khan University Hospital^479;Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine^480;Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine^481;Center for Health Care Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine^482;Department of Cardiovascular Services^483; Project Management Office^484;Memorial Health System^485;Southern Illinois University School of Medicine^486;Department of Critical Care Medicine^487;Springfield Clinic^488;Department of Internal Medicine^489;Department of Nursing Administration^490;Department of Operations Improvement^491;Diabetes and Endocrinology Department^492;Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust^493;Department of Patient Safety^494;Respiratory Medicine^495;Queen Elizabeth Hospital^496;Institute of Inflammation and Ageing^497;Rheumatology^498;University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust^499;Department of Orthopaedics^500;East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust^501;Department of Urology^502;Southmead Hospital, The Severn Deanery^503;Division of General Surgery^504;University Health Network^505;Division of Orthopedic Surgery^506;Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto^507;Musgrove Park Hospital^508;Division of General Internal Medicine^509;Division of Hospital Internal Medicine^510;Department of Health Sciences Research^511;Department of Pharmacy Services^512;Department of Family and Community Medicine^513;GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine^514;King’s College London^515;Department of Anaesthetics, Kent & Canterbury Hospital^516;Trauma & and Orthopaedic Department^517;Guy’s and Saint Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust^518;Trauma and Orthopaedics^519;Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine^520;University of Toronto^521;School of Medicine^522;University of Dundee^523;Patient Safety Team^524;NHS Tayside^525;School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences^526;Robert Gordon University^527;Pharmacy Department^528;Department of Anesthesiology^529;Vanderbilt University Medical Center^530;Biomedical Informatics^531;School of Nursing and Health Sciences^532;Population Health Sciences^533;School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Scottish Improvement Science Collaborating Centre (SISCC)^534;University at Buffalo, the State University of New York^535;Decision Sciences & MIS^536;LeBow College of Business, Drexel University^537;Christiana Care Health System, Value Institute^538;National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare^539;MedStar Health^540;Christiana Care Health System, Information Technology Clinical Application Services^541;College of Medicine, Drexel University^542;Department of Quality and Safety^543;Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School^544;Division of Renal Medicine^545;Internal Medicine Residency Program^546;Brigham and Women’s Physician’s Organization^547;Hebrew Rehabilitation Center in Boston^548;Spaulding Nursing and Therapy Center West Roxbury^549;Partners Healthcare Center for Population Health Management^550;Department of Cardiovascular Medicine^551;Brigham and Women’s Hospital^552;Group Technology and Research, Life Sciences program^553;DNV GL AS^554;East Midlands Academic Health Science Network^555;Derby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust^556;East Midlands Clinical Networks^557;Division of Respiratory Medicine^558;University of Nottingham^559;Internal Medicine, Pathology^560;Medical College of Wisconsin^561;Wisconsin Diagnostic Laboratories^562;Medical Sciences Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin^563;School of Nursing and Midwifery^564;Griffith University^565;Nursing & Midwifery Research & Education Unit^566;Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service^567;National Centre of Research Excellence in Nursing^568;School of Applied Psychology^569;Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus^570;Nursing and Midwifery Education and Research Unit^571;Surgical and Procedural Services^572;Department of Geriatric Medicine^573;University Hospital Limerick^574;University of Limerick^575;National Centre for Infections in Cancer^576;Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute^577;National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship^578;Royal Melbourne Hospital^579;Department of General Medicine^580;Department of Infectious Diseases^581;Center for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health^582;University of Melbourne^583;Victorian Infectious Diseases Service^584;Department of Neonatology^585;Saint Joseph Hospital^586;Emergency Department^587;Princess Royal University Hospital^588;Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department^589;Neonatal Unit, Department of Paediatrics^590;National Hospital Abuja (NHA)^591;Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology^592;National Hospital Abuja^593;Perinatal Institute^594;Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center^595;Global Health Center, CCHMC^596;James Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, CCHMC^597;Glasgow Royal Infirmary^598;Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology^599;Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust^600;Mental Health Division^601;Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust^602;Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust^603;Department of Obstetrics^604;Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust^605;Virginia Mason Medical Center^606;Department of Gastroenterology^607;Center for Healthcare Improvement Science^608;Department of Radiology^609;Department of General Surgery^610;Weston General Hospital^611;Royal United Hospitals^612;Endoscopy Unit^613;University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust^614;University of Bristol^615;Department of Anaesthesia^616;Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care^617;Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center^618;Tel Aviv University^619;Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine^620;Hospital for Sick Children^621;Post Anesthetic Care Unit^622;North Middlesex Hospital^623;Care of the Elderly Department^624;Division of Psychiatry^625;University College London Medical School^626;Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Liaison Service^627;Ninewells Hospital^628;General Practice^629;Freezywater Primary Care Centre^630;Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, North-East London NHS Foundation Trust^631;Peterborough City Hospital^632;North West Anglia NHS Trust^633;Early Intervention in Psychosis Service^634;North-East London NHS Foundation Trust^635;Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine^636;Duke Health^637;Colorado Center for Arthritis and Osteoporosis^638;Arthritis and Osteoporosis Consultants of the Carolinas^639;Baptist Medical Group Rheumatology^640;Lowcountry Rheumatology^641;EmergeOrtho^642;Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine^643;Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust^644;Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine^645;Brain and Spinal Cord Rehab Program^646;University Health Network, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute^647;University of Toronto Centre for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety^648;Specialist registrar in Endocrinology, Diabetes and General Internal Medicine^649;Health Education West Midlands^650;Department of Cardiology^651;Birmingham City Hospital^652;National Education for Scotland GP Trainees^653;NHS Lothian^654;Royal Edinburgh Hospital^655;Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust^656;Russells Hall Hospital^657;Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine^658;Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust^659;Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust^660;Royal Free Hospital^661;Northern Vascular Centre^662;Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust^663;North and West Highland^664;NHS Highland^665;University of the Highlands and Islands^666;Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery^667;Division of Infectious Diseases^668;Department of Pathology^669;Mayo Clinic Health System Hospital^670;Hospital and Speciality Medicine^671;VA Puget Sound Health Care System^672;Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital^673;Institute for Health and Human Development^674;University of East London^675;National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England^676;Norwich Medical School^677;University of East Anglia^678;Department of Psychology^679;Anglia Ruskin University^680;Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Department of Adult and Mental Health Nursing^681;Faculty of Wellbeing, Education & Language Studies^682;The Open University^683;University of Cambridge^684;Addictions and Mental Health Services^685;Princes Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Health^686;Cardiology^687;Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust^688;London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine^689;IPE Global Limited^690;The Union South East Asia^691;Department of Obestrics and Gynecology^692;Bhagwan Mahavir Hospital^693;Quality and Performance Institute^694;USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST), University Research Co., LLC^695;Stanford Hospital and Clinics^696;Inpatient Unit Nursing Management^697;Stanford School of Medicine^698;Kaizen Promotion Office (KPO)^699;Mental Health, LD and Drug and Alcohol Recovery Services^700;Drug and Alcohol Recovery Services^701;Highland Alcohol and Drugs Partnership^702;Public Health Department^703;School of Health^704;Faculty of Medicine^705;McGill University^706;McGill University Health Centre^707;Department of Health and Social Sciences, Nursing and Midwidery^708;University of the West of England^709;University of California San Francisco^710;San Francisco Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center^711;Department of Public Health^712;Medical Protection Society Leeds^713;Institute of Health and Wellbeing^714;University of Glasgow^715;Acute Medical Unit^716;County Durham and Darlington Foundation Trust^717;Division of Population Health and Genomics^718;Renal Unit^719;West Midlands East Health Protection Unit^720;Public Health England^721;Division of Surgery and Interventional Science^722;University College London^723;Northern Care Alliance^724;Masanga Medical Research Unit^725;Masanga Hospital^726;Humanitarian Studies Department^727;Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine^728;Great Western Hospital^729;Severn Deanery^730;Emergency Admission Unit^731;Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust^732;Renal Department^733;Information Management and Technology^734;Quality Improvement^735;Intensive Care^736;Pharmacy^737;Emergency Admissions Unit^738;Royal Preston Hospital^739;Department of Paediatric Cardiology^740;University Hospital of Wales^741;School of Sport and Exercise Sciences and College of Engineering^742;Swansea University, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering^743;Cardiff University^744;Royal Glamorgan Hospital^745;Department of Paediatrics^746;Princess of Wales Hospital^747;Department of Obstetric of Gynaecology^748;Nevill Hall Hospital^749;Public Health Wales^750;Antenatal Screening Wales^751;Congenital Anomaly Register Information Service^752;NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital^753;Wolfson Medical School^754;University of Plymouth^755;Medical Directorate^756;NHS Education for Scotland^757;Department of Intensive Care^758;Monklands Hospital^759;North Bristol NHS Trust^760;University of Bristol Medical School^761;Department of Plastic Surgery^762;Medway NHS Foundation Trust^763;Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia^764;Mental Healthcare of Older Adults^765;East London NHS Foundation Trust^766;University at Buffalo, The State University of New York^767;Canterbury District Health Board^768;Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine—Niagara Regional Campus^769;Cumming School of Medicine^770;University of Calgary^771;Ontario Street Medical Centre^772;Niagara Walk-in Clinic^773;Morrison Walk-In Medical Clinic^774;Department of Respiratory Medicine^775;Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen’s Hospital^776;Paediatric Cardiology Department^777;Great Ormond Street Hospital^778;Quality Improvement Team^779;Department of Stroke Medicine, Morriston Hospital^780;Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University health Board^781;Information, Development & Infrastructure^782;Stroke Medicine Morriston^783;Morriston Hospital^784;Ambulatory Networks^785;Memorial Physician Services^786;Memorial Medical Center^787;Intensive Care Unit^788;Raigmore Hospital^789;Quality Improvement - Patient Safety^790;Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK^791;Department of Anaesthesia and Pain^792;Maternity^793;Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais^794;Training and Research^795;Strategic Information^796;Transplant Unit^797;Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust^798;College of Pharmacy and Nutrition^799;University of Saskatchewan^800;Antimicrobial Stewardship Program^801;Saskatchewan Health Authority^802;Research and Performance Support^803;School of Health Policy and Management^804;York University^805;School of Administrative Studies^806;Interprofessional Collaboration and Education^807;Southlake Regional Health Centre^808;McMaster University Health Sciences^809;McMaster Family Health Team, Department of Family Medicine^810;Hamilton Health Sciences^811;School of Public Health and Health Systems^812;University of Waterloo^813;The Salvation Army Toronto Grace Health Centre^814;Swindon Clinical Commissioning Group^815;The Pierre Simonet Building^816;West of England Academic Health Science Network^817;Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science^818;College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona^819;University of Arizona Health Sciences Library, University of Arizona^820;Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences^821;James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati^822;College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen^823;Felege Hiwot Regional Referral Hospital^824;Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health^825;London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine^826;NHS Northern, Eastern and Western Devon Clinical Commissioning Group^827;EBM DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences^828;University of Oxford^829;Bristol Population Health Science Institute^830;Easier, Inc^831;Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust^832;Renal Medicine^833;Orthopaedic Department^834;Perth Royal Infirmary^835;Anaesthetic Department^836;General Internal Medicine^837;UT MD Anderson Cancer Center^838;Office of Performance Improvement^839;Department of Biostatistics^840;Pathology and Laboratory Medicine^841;Western University^842;London Health Sciences Centre & St. Joseph’s Health Care London^843;Schulich School of Medicine^844;Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté)^845;University of Lausanne^846;Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)^847;University of Bern^848;Whittington Health NHS Trust^849;Department of Haematology^850;Possible^851;Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative^852;Gallup Indian Medical Center^853;Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population^854;Government of Nepal^855;Arnhold Institute for Global Health^856;Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai^857;Natividad Medical Center^858;Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies^859;University of Washington^860;College of Business and Leadership^861;Eastern University^862;Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine^863;Harvard Medical School^864;Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine^865;Massachusetts General Hospital^866;Public Health Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Health and Population^867;Tuba City Indian Medical Center^868;Department of Health Systems Design and Global Health^869;Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center^870;Ariadne Labs^871;Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Brigham and Women’s Hospital^872;Improving Global Health through Leadership Development^873;NHS Thames Valley and Wessex Leadership Academy^874;Department of Physiotherapy^875;Cecilia Makiwane Hospital^876;Walter Sisulu University School of Medicine^877;Toronto Rehabilitation Institute^878;Rotman Research Institute^879;Baycrest Hospital^880;Sinai Health System^881;University of Toronto Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation^882;Orthopaedics^883;Royal Gwent Hospital^884;General Department of Medical Services^885;Quality & Patient Safety^886;Department of Neuropsychology and Clinical Health^887;St George’s University Hospitals^888;Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences^889;University of Texas Health Science Center^890;South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center^891;Clinical Pharmacology^892;South Texas Veterans Health Care System^893;Hospital Medicine Section, Department of Medicine^894;Clinical Transformation^895;Northwell Health^896;Partners in Clinical Care^897;LLP^898;Clinical Strategy and Development^899;Medical Education^900;University of North Texas Health Science Center^901;Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust^902;Academic Vascular Surgical Department^903;Hull Royal Infirmary Postgraduate Medical Education Centre^904;Primary Care Research Group, Institute of Health Research^905;University of Exeter - Saint Lukes Campus^906;General Practice and Primary Care^907;Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow^908;NHS Education for Scotland West Region^909;WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health^910;Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo^911;Center for Healthcare Innovation^912;Ochsner Health System^913;Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine^914;Nordland Hospital Trust^915;Department of Community Medicine^916;University of Tromsø^917;Centre of Quality, Region of Southern Denmark^918;Faculty of Health Sciences^919;Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark^920;Department of Clinical Medicine^921;Centre for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation, Northern Norway Regional Health Authority^922;Medicine^923;North Shore Medical Center^924;Lynn Community Health Center^925;Tufts University School of Medicine^926;Salem State University^927;Department of Pharmacy and Health Systems Sciences^928;Northeastern University School of Pharmacy^929;Lean Enterprise Institute^930;Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program^931;Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University^932;Research Unit of Chronic Conditions, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention^933;Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital^934;Unit for Social Epidemiology^935;Lunds Universitet^936;Stanford University School of Medicine^937;Department of Clinical Informatics^938;Sanford Center for Clinic Informatics^939;Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care^940;Haukeland University Hospital^941;Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine^942;University of Bergen^943;Department of Research and Development^944;Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine^945;Department of Neurosurgery^946;Academic Medical Center Amsterdam^947;Centre for Evidence-Based Practice^948;Western Norway University of Applied Sciences^949;Accident and Emergency Department^950;City of Bergen^951;Internal Medicine and Critical Care^952;Comox Valley Hospital^953;Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health^954;University of Victoria^955;Scottish Improvement Science Collaborating Centre, School of Nursing and Health Sciences^956;Baby Friendly Initiative^957;Unicef UK^958;Improvement Support and ihub^959;Healthcare Improvement Scotland^960;Public Health Medicine^961;University of South Florida^962;School of Public Health, University of South Florida^963;Division of Cardiology^964;Tampa General Hospital^965;Department of Medical Quality and Safety Science^966;Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine^967;Department of Quality and Safety Management^968;Osaka City University Hospital^969;Department of Pharmacology^970;Holbæk University Hospital^971;National Institute of Public Health^972;University of Southern Denmark^973;Knowledge Center for Rehabilitation and Palliative Care^974;Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section^975;Emergency Clinic^976;Gentofte Hospital^977;King’s Health Partners^978;Department of Orthopaedic Surgery^979;R-Outcomes Ltd^980;Institute of Health Informatics^981;UCL^982;City, University of London^983;University of Surrey^984;Leicester General Hospital^985;GKT School of Medical Education^986;King's College London School of Medical Education^987;Whipps Cross University Hospital^988;Barts Health NHS Trust^989;Wessex AHSN^990;City University School of Health Sciences^991;Flinders University^992;Flinders University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences^993;Director, Partnering with Consumers^994;Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care^995;Western Sydney Local Health District^996;Sydney West—Translational Cancer Research Centre^997;Sydney West Cancer Network^998;Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre at Westmead Hospital^999;University of Sydney^1000;Biomedical Engineering^1001;University of Strathclyde^1002;Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine^1003;University of Manchester^1004;Clinical Surgery^1005;University of Edinburgh^1006;University of Vermont Medical Center^1007;Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment^1008;Maastricht UMC+^1009;Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen^1010;Department of Neurology^1011;Department of Epidemiology^1012;Maastricht University^1013;Strategic Services^1014;Healthcare Quality Quest^1015;Wellsteed Associates^1016;School of Management^1017;Royal Holloway University of London^1018;Aalborg University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre of Clinical Guidelines and Clinical Research Unit, Aalbirg University Hospital^1019;Aalborg University^1020;Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery^1021;Aalborg University Hospital^1022;Section of Nursing Research^1023;Aarhus Universitet^1024;St George Hospital^1025;The Sutherland Hospital^1026;St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales^1027;School of Public Health^1028;North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust^1029;Stewardship and Clinical Appropriateness^1030;Wayne State University, Detroit Medical Center^1031;College of Nursing-Health Systems Science^1032;University of Illinois at Chicago^1033;Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre^1034;NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre^1035;Audiovestibular Medicine^1036;Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital^1037;Neonatology^1038;Children's Hospital of Philadelphia^1039;Robert Wood Johnson University Medical Center^1040;City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust^1041;Surgery and Cancer^1042;Imperial College London^1043;Obstetrics and Gynaecology^1044;Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust^1045;Anaesthetics^1046;John Radcliffe Hospital^1047;Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust^1048;VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System^1049;University of California Los Angeles^1050;Stockholm Region^1051;Public Healthcare Services Committee^1052;Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology^1053;Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet^1054;Research and Development unit for Primary Care, Futurum^1055;Jönköping Academy for Improvements of Health and Welfare^1056;School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University^1057;Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine^1058;Karolinska Institute^1059;Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust^1060;Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences^1061;Western General Hospital^1062;Department of Critical Care^1063;Critical Care Services^1064;Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service^1065;Pediatrics and Human Development^1066;Michigan State University College of Human Medicine^1067;Institute for Research in Healthcare Policy & Practice^1068;University of the West of Scotland^1069;School of Health and Life Sciences^1070;Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, Professor of Care Improvement^1071;London Health Sciences Centre^1072;University of Western Ontario^1073;ICU^1074;NHS Lanarkshire^1075;Section of Hospital Medicine^1076;The Center for Healthcare Improvement Science^1077;NS 62-Medical Telemetry^1078;The University of Kansas Health System^1079;The University of Kansas Medical Center^1080;Neuro and Head/Neck^1081;Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center^1082;Omni Cura Nursing Teaching Research^1083;Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum^1084;Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics^1085;AMC^1086;Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare)^1087;Radboud UMC^1088;Department of General Internal Medicine^1089;University of Kansas Medical Center^1090;City and Hackney CAMHS^1091;Abington Hospital, Jefferson Health^1092;Healthcare Administrative Partners^1093;Department of Internal Medicine and Palliative Medicine^1094;North Manchester General Hospital^1095;Centre for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine^1096;Stony Brook University Hospital^1097;NYU Langone Health^1098;University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine^1099;Oxford Kidney Unit^1100;Churchill Hospital^1101;Bristol Health Partners^1102;Population Health sciences^1103;Richard Bright Renal Unit^1104;Rubis.Qi^1105;Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust^1106;Maternity Department^1107;Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine^1108;London Health Sciences Centre University Hospital^1109;Quality and Risk Management^1110;Humber River Regional Hospital^1111;Hammersmith Medicines Research^1112;Institute of Clinical Sciences^1113;University Medical Center Utrecht^1114;Tilburg University^1115;Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital^1116;Netherlands Heart Institute^1117;STENTYS SA^1118;Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis^1119;ZNA Middelheim^1120;Satakunta Hospital^1121;Academic Medical Center^1122;Sports Medical Center Papendal Arnhem^1123;Radboud University Medical Center^1124;Cardiovascular Research Center^1125;ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda^1126;Bicocca University^1127;Academical Medical Centre Amsterdam^1128;Radboudumc^1129;Hospital Clínic de Barcelona^1130; IDIBAPS^1131; Universitat de Barcelona^1132; CIBERCV^1133;Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam^1134;Sports Medical Centre Papendal^1135;Radboudumc Nijmegen^1136;Erasmus Medical Center, Thoraxcenter^1137;Hospital Group Twente^1138;Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care^1139;University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University^1140;Maastricht University Medical Center^1141;Maastricht University Medical Center +^1142;University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen^1143;Zuyderland Medical Centre^1144;Rijnstate^1145;Erasmus MC^1146;Maasstad Ziekenhuis^1147;Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis^1148;Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland^1149;Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain und Am Urban^1150;Rostock University Medical Center^1151;Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum^1152;Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln^1153;Vivantes Wenckebach-Klinikum^1154;Isala Heart Centre^1155;Maastricht UMC^1156;Zuyderland Medical Centre (Heerlen location)^1157;Rijnstate Arnhem^1158;Isala Hospital Zwolle^1159;Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen^1160;Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam^1161;Martini Hospital^1162;University of Groningen^1163;St. Antonius Hospital^1164;Haaglanden Medical Center^1165;Leiden University Medical Center^1166;VU Medical Center^1167;Franciscus Gasthuis^1168;Zuyderland Medical Center^1169;Linköping University^1170;Rijnlands Rehabilitation Centre^1171;University Medical Center^1172;Erasmus MC-University Medical Center^1173;Cardiology Centers of the Netherlands^1174;Red Cross Hospital^1175;FocusCura^1176;Haga Teaching Hospital^1177;University Medical Center Groningen^1178;Rijnstate Hospital^1179;University of Nijmegen^1180;Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam^1181;VU University Medical Center^1182;Medtronic Bakken Research Center^1183;Utrecht University Medical Centre^1184;Utrecht University^1185;Central Military Hospital^1186;Sanquin Research^1187;Ambulance service Rotterdam-Rijnmond region^1188;Isala^1189;RAV IJsselland^1190;RAV Zuid-Limburg^1191;VU University Medical Centre^1192;Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences^1193;Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis^1194;University of Cincinnati College of Medicine^1195;Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens^1196;Deventer Hospital^1197;University of Twente^1198;Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden^1199;VU University Amsterdam^1200;The Netherlands Heart Institute^1201;HAGA Hospital^1202;Medical Center Leeuwarden^1203;MUMC^1204;Zuyderland MC^1205;Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis location East^1206;Catharina Hospital^1207;Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam^1208;University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen^1209;Julius Centrum^1210;National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention,Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention^1211; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology,National Health and Family Planning Commission,Beijing 102206,P.R. China^1212;School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400016,P.R. China^1213;School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University,Guangdong 510275,P.R. China^1214; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology,National Health and Family Planning Commission,Beijing 102206,P.R. China,^1215;University of Technology of Sydney, NSW, Australia^1216;Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon^1217;Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon^1218;Holy Spirit University, Kaslik, Lebanon^1219;Psychiatry^1220; Harbor – UCLA Medical Center^1221; Torrance, California, USA^1222;Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA^1223;Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences^1224; University of Washington^1225; Seattle, Washington, USA^1226;Counseling Psychology and Human Services^1227; University of Oregon^1228; Portland, Oregon, USA^1229;Pharmacy Practice^1230;Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal^1231;Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon^1232;Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium^1233;Sydney Children’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia^1234;Princess Margaret Hospital for Children^1235; &, Subiaco, Australia^1236;University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia^1237;University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia^1238;University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia^1239;Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy^1240;National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Naples, Naples, Italy^1241;Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense − UNESC, Av. Universitária, 1105 – Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil^1242;Eliane Revestimentos Cerâmicos, R. Maximiliano Gaidzinski, 245 - Centro, 88845-000 Cocal do Sul, SC, Brazil^1243;Electricity & Magnetism, LNE, Paris, France^1244;ECAM-EPMI, Cergy-Pontoise, France^1245

关键词: Metrology history;    unit system;    metrology institutions;    accuracy;    uncertainty;    performance;    soft metrology;   

DOI  :  10.1051/ijmqe/2019005

学科分类：工程和技术（综合）

来源: EDP Sciences

【 摘 要 】

In this paper, we take the freedom to paraphrase Stephen Hawking's well-known formula and approach, for a reflection about metrology. In fact, metrology has a past, a present, and a future. The past is marked by a rich series of events, of which we shall highlight only those which resulted in major turns. The impact of the French Revolution is indisputably one of them. The present corresponds to a significant evolution, which is the entry of metrology into the world of quantum physics, with the relevant changes in the International System of units (SI). An apercu of the actual state of the art of metrological technology is given. The future is characterised by a persisting need for a still enhanced metrology, in terms of performance and domain covered. In this respect, soft metrology seems to constitute a promising field for research and development.

【 授权许可】

CC BY