Consistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Dirk U Bellstedt¹  Benny Bytebier²  Klaus Mummenhoff³  Dawn Edwards⁴  A Muthama Muasya⁵  Marcus Quint⁶  Lanne L Dreyer⁷  Christopher R Hardy⁸  H Peter Linder⁹  Chlo Galley^1,10  Flix Forest^1,11  Ben H Warren^1,12  Regine Claen-Bockhoff^1,13  James E Richardson^1,14  Kenneth C Oberlander^1,15  Freek T Bakker^1,16 

[1] Biosystematics Group, Wageningen UR, & Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Wageningen University branch, Wageningen, The Netherlands;Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa;Department of Biology/Botany, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrck, Germany;Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa;Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa;Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK;Institut fr Spezielle Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitt Mainz, Mainz, Germany;Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Zrich, Switzerland;J.C. Parks Herbarium, Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, USA;Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK;Royal Horticultural Society Garden Wisley, Woking, UK;School of Biological Sciences, Lyle Tower, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK;School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa;The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK;The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;UMR C53 PVBMT, CIRAD-Universit de la Runion, Saint Pierre, France

关键词: Fossil Record;    Winter Rainfall;    Flower Duration;    Distributional Shift;    Flowering Phenology;   

DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-11-39

学科分类：生物科学（综合）

来源: BioMed Central

【 摘 要 】

The best documented survival responses of organisms to past climate change on short (glacial-interglacial) timescales are distributional shifts. Despite ample evidence on such timescales for local adaptations of populations at specific sites, the long-term impacts of such changes on evolutionary significant units in response to past climatic change have been little documented. Here we use phylogenies to reconstruct changes in distribution and flowering ecology of the Cape flora - South Africa's biodiversity hotspot - through a period of past (Neogene and Quaternary) changes in the seasonality of rainfall over a timescale of several million years. Forty-three distributional and phenological shifts consistent with past climatic change occur across the flora, and a comparable number of clades underwent adaptive changes in their flowering phenology (9 clades; half of the clades investigated) as underwent distributional shifts (12 clades; two thirds of the clades investigated). Of extant Cape angiosperm species, 14-41% have been contributed by lineages that show distributional shifts consistent with past climate change, yet a similar proportion (14-55%) arose from lineages that shifted flowering phenology. Adaptive changes in ecology at the scale we uncover in the Cape and consistent with past climatic change have not been documented for other floras. Shifts in climate tolerance appear to have been more important in this flora than is currently appreciated, and lineages that underwent such shifts went on to contribute a high proportion of the flora's extant species diversity. That shifts in phenology, on an evolutionary timescale and on such a scale, have not yet been detected for other floras is likely a result of the method used; shifts in flowering phenology cannot be detected in the fossil record.

【 授权许可】

CC BY