The linear mitochondrial genome of the quarantine chytrid Synchytrium endobioticum ; insights into the evolution and recent history of an obligate biotrophic plant pathogen

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Marga P. E. van Gent-Pelzer¹  Donna Smith²  Balzs Brankovics³  Jan F. Kreuze⁴  Jarosaw Przetakiewicz⁵  Kasia Dadej⁶  Bart T. L. H. van de Vossenberg⁷  Hai D. T. Nguyen⁸ 

[1] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada;Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Charlottetown, Canada;Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands;Hilbrands Laboratorium BV, Wijster, The Netherlands;International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru;Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland;Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Biointeractions and Plant Health & Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands;Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands

关键词: Mitochondrial haplotypes;    Pest introduction;    Population dynamics;    Fungal communities;    Pathotype formation;    Chytridiomycota;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12862-018-1246-6

学科分类：生物科学（综合）

来源: BioMed Central

【 摘 要 】

Chytridiomycota species (chytrids) belong to a basal lineage in the fungal kingdom. Inhabiting terrestrial and aquatic environments, most are free-living saprophytes but several species cause important diseases: e.g. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, responsible for worldwide amphibian decline; and Synchytrium endobioticum, causing potato wart disease. S. endobioticum has an obligate biotrophic lifestyle and isolates can be further characterized as pathotypes based on their virulence on a differential set of potato cultivars. Quarantine measures have been implemented globally to control the disease and prevent its spread. We used a comparative approach using chytrid mitogenomes to determine taxonomical relationships and to gain insights into the evolution and recent history of introductions of this plant pathogen. We assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of 30 S. endobioticum isolates and generated mitochondrial genomes for five additional chytrid species. The mitochondrial genome of S. endobioticum is linear with terminal inverted repeats which was validated by tailing and PCR amplifying the telomeric ends. Surprisingly, no conservation in organisation and orientation of mitochondrial genes was observed among the Chytridiomycota except for S. endobioticum and its sister species Synchytrium microbalum. However, the mitochondrial genome of S. microbalum is circular and comprises only a third of the 72.9 Kbp found for S. endobioticum suggesting recent linearization and expansion. Four mitochondrial lineages were identified in the S. endobioticum mitochondrial genomes. Several pathotypes occur in different lineages, suggesting that these have emerged independently. In addition, variations for polymorphic sites in the mitochondrial genome of individual isolates were observed demonstrating that S. endobioticum isolates represent a community of different genotypes. Such communities were shown to be complex and stable over time, but we also demonstrate that the use of semi-resistant potato cultivars triggers a rapid shift in the mitochondrial haplotype associated with increased virulence. Mitochondrial genomic variation shows that S. endobioticum has been introduced into Europe multiple times, that several pathotypes emerged multiple times, and that isolates represent communities of different genotypes. Our study represents the most comprehensive dataset of chytrid mitogenomes, which provides new insights into the extraordinary dynamics and evolution of mitochondrial genomes involving linearization, expansion and reshuffling.

【 授权许可】

CC BY