Thermal limits of two biting midges, Culicoides imicola Kieffer and C. bolitinos Meiswinkel (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Christopher W Weldon¹  Gert J Venter²  F Arné Verhoef¹ 

[1] Flies of Economic Significance Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa;ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa

关键词: Tolerance limits;    Thermal biology;    Phenotypic plasticity;    Orbiviruses;    African horse sickness;    Bluetongue;   

Others  :  1181852
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-7-384

 received in 2014-06-24, accepted in 2014-08-08,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Culicoides imicola Kieffer and Culicoides bolitinos Meiswinkel (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are both of veterinary importance, being vectors of Schmallenberg, bluetongue and African horse sickness (AHS) viruses. Within South Africa, these Culicoides species show a marked difference in their abundances according to altitude, with C. imicola highly abundant in lower altitudes, but being replaced as the dominant species by C. bolitinos in cooler, high-altitude regions.

Methods

The thermal physiology of field collected adults of each species was determined to evaluate whether it could account for differences in their distribution and abundance. Critical thermal maxima (CT_max) and minima (CT_min), as well as upper and lower lethal temperatures (ULT and LLT) were assessed after acclimation temperatures of 19ˌC, 24ˌC and 29ˌC. Critical thermal limits were determined using an ecologically relevant rate of temperature change of 0.06ˌC.min⁻¹.

Results

Significant differences in CT_min and CT_max were found between acclimation temperatures for C. imicola and C. bolitinos. In C. bolitinos, the LLT of individuals acclimated at 24ˌC was significantly improved (LLT₅₀ = −6.01ˌC) compared with those acclimated at the other temperatures (LLT₅₀ = −4ˌC). Acclimation had a weak (difference in LLT₅₀ of only 1ˌC) but significant effect on the LLT of C. imicola. When CT_min, CT_max, LLT and ULT were superimposed on daily maximum and minimum temperature records from locations where each tested Culicoides species is dominant, it was found that temperatures frequently declined below the CT_min and LLT of C. imicola at the location where C. bolitinos was dominant.

Conclusions

The distribution and abundance of C. imicola is likely directly constrained by their relatively poor tolerance of lower temperatures. Results for C. bolitinos suggest that the adult phase is hardy, and it is hypothesised that the thermal biology of other life stages could determine their range.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Verhoef et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

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