A narrative review of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Crimean Peninsula and Southern Russia

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Gabriele Schönian²  Lionel F. Schnur⁴  Dmitriy A. Kovalenko³  Shavkat A. Razakov³  Ekaterina N. Zhirenkina¹  Evgeny N. Morozov¹  Evgeny N. Ponirovsky¹  Margarita V. Strelkova¹ 

[1] The Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Moscow, Russia;The Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charite University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, D-12203, Germany;The Isaev Research Institute of Medical Parasitology, Samarqand, Uzbekistan;The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel

关键词: Therapy;    Diagnosis;    Vectors;    Reservoirs;    Causative agents;    Crimean Peninsula;    Northern Caucasus;    Central Asia;    Southern Caucasus;    Visceral leishmaniasis (VL);   

Others  :  1224191
DOI  :  10.1186/s13071-015-0925-z

 received in 2014-12-05, accepted in 2015-06-01,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

There is an extensive body of medical and scientific research literature on visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Crimean Peninsula and the southern part of The Russian Federation that is written in Russian, making it inaccessible to the majority of people who are interested in the leishmaniases in general and VL in particular. This review and summary in English of VL in what was Imperial Russia, which then became the Soviet Union and later a number of different independent states intends to give access to that majority. There are numerous publications in Russian on VL and, mostly, those published in books and the main scientific journals have been included here. The vast geographical area encompassed has been subdivided into four main parts: the southern Caucasus, covering Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; Central Asia, covering Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan; the Crimean Peninsula and the northern Caucasus, which is part of The Russian Federation. Only rare cases of VL have been recorded in the northern Caucasus and Crimean Peninsula. In the other countries mentioned, human VL has been more intense but epidemics like those associated with L. donovani in India and East Africa have not occurred. For most of the countries, there are sections on the distribution, clinical aspects, the causative agent, the reservoirs and the vectors. Serological surveys and research into therapy are also covered. Recent studies on VL in Uzbekistan covered the application of serological, biochemical and molecular biological methods to diagnose human and canine VL, to identify the leishmanial parasites causing them in Uzbekistan and neighbouring Tajikistan and the epidemiology of VL in the Namangan Region of the Pap District, Eastern Uzbekistan. More recently, two studies were carried out in Georgia investigating the prevalence of human and canine VL, and the species composition of phlebotomine sand flies and their rates of infection with what was probably L. infantum in Tbilisi, eastern Georgia and Kutaisi, a new focus, in western Georgia. Though published in English, summaries of this information have been included where relevant to update the parts on VL in Uzbekistan and Georgia.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Strelkova et al.

【 图 表 】

Fig. 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Yakimov VL. The leishmaniases (general review). Zhurnal Mikrobiol. 1915; 2:113-124.
• [2]Gershonovich RS. Child leishmaniasis. State Publishing Company UzSSR, Tashkent; 1935.
• [3]Maruashvili GM. Visceral leishmaniasis. Sabchota Sakartvelo, Tbilisi; 1968.
• [4]Maroli M, Krasnonos L, Gafurov I. Epidemiological and entomological survey in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Pap district (Fergana Valley) of Namangan region, Uzbekistan. Acta Trop. 2001; 80(3):223-228.
• [5]Giorgobiani E, Lawyer PG, Babuadze G, Dolidze N, Jochim RC, Tskhvaradze L et al.. Incrimination of Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus balcanicus as vectors of Leishmania infantum in Tbilisi, Georgia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012; 6(4):e1609.
• [6]Alam MZ, Kovalenko DA, Kuhls K, Nasyrova RM, Ponomareva VI, Fatullaeva AA et al.. Identification of the agent causing visceral leishmaniasis in Uzbeki and Tajiki foci by analysing parasite DNA extracted from patients' Giemsa-stained tissue preparations. Parasitology. 2009; 136(9):981-986.
• [7]Kovalenko DA, Razakov SA, Ponirovsky EN, Warburg A, Nasyrova RM, Ponomareva VI et al.. Canine leishmaniosis and its relationship to human visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Uzbekistan. Parasites Vectors. 2011; 4:58.
• [8]Babuadze G, Alvar J, Argaw D, de Koning HP, Iosava M, Kekelidze M et al.. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Georgia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8(3):e2725.
• [9]Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J et al.. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e35671.
• [10]Khodukin NI, Sofiev MM, Kevorkov NP. [The identification of various strains of Leishmania]. Trudy Inst Epidem Mikrobiol Sanit (Tashkent). 1935; 2:65-111.
• [11]Isaev LM, Ryabtsev FI. [Pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs]. Trudy Uzb Inst Malarii I Med Parazitol (Samarqand). 1958; 3:51.
• [12]Khodukin NI. Kala-azar in Tashkent in connection with epidemiology of leishmaniasis in dogs. Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR. 1928; 13:246-250.
• [13]Isaev LM. [Eradication of leishmaniasis in the USSR during the 7-year-plan]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1959; 3:323-327.
• [14]Mirzoyan NA. [Comparative evaluation of the effiency of antimony compounds in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1954; 2:161-164.
• [15]Kornetov NI, Mirzoyan NA. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis by solusurmine.]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1942; 6:88-92.
• [16]Kellina OI, Shurkhal AV, Strelkova MV, Passova OM, Rakitskaia TA. Isoenzyme characteristics of strains of the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the territory of the USSR. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1985; 6:11-15.
• [17]Shurkhal AV, Kellina OI, Passova OM, Strelkova MV, Rakitskaia TA. Preliminary results of comparative studies on biochemical gene markers in Leishmania at species, strain and clone levels. Leishmania International Colloquium. Montpellier. 1986.91-97.
• [18]Alieva KK, Gasanzade GB. [Identification of visceral leishmaniasis strains isolated in Azerbaijan SSR]. Sbornik Nauch Trudov Inst Med Parasit i Trop Med. 1986; 6:26.
• [19]Lesnikova EV, Sabitov EA, Strelkova MV, Shurkhal AV, Rakitskaia TA. [The identification of Leishmania isolates obtained from patients and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis in the Turkmen SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1990; 6:6-9.
• [20]Gasanzade GB, Saf'ianova VM, Tagi-zade TA, Agaev A, Gadzhibekova EA, Savina MA et al.. [An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Geokchai District, Azerbaijan SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1990; 2:41-45.
• [21]Strelkova MV, Dergacheva TI, Alekseev AN, Passova OM. [Experimental transmission of the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania donovani, to golden hamsters by Phlebotomus longiductus, Parr. 1928 and Phlebotomus smirnovi, Perf. 1941 sandflies]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1982; 3:49-54.
• [22]Dergacheva TI, Strelkova MV, Radionova GN, Turbaeva LI, Cherniavskii VI. [Characteristics of the biology and the epidemiological significance of Phlebotomus longiductus, Parr., 1928 in Dzhambul Province, Kazakh SSR. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1983; 1:33-37.
• [23]Dergacheva TI, Strelkova MV. Epidemiological role of sandflies Phlebotomus smirnovi Perfiliev, 1941 and P. longiductus Parrot, 1928 in visceral leishmaniasis foci in the Kazakh SSR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985; 79(1):34-36.
• [24]Karapetyan RM, Bagdasaryan AD. [Distribution of leishmaniases in Transcaucasia]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1972; 3:291-297.
• [25]Karapetyan RM, Petrosyan NA, Mnatsakanyan SS, Avetisyan AG. [Control of visceral leishmaniasis in the city of Erevan]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1960; 6:665-670.
• [26]Artemiev MM. A revision of sand flies of subgenus Adlerius. Zool Zhurnal. 1980; 8:1177-1193.
• [27]Artemiev MM, Neronov VM. [Distribution and ecology of sand flies of the Old World (genus Phlebotomus)]. Soviet Committee for the program MAB at UNESCO, Moskva; 1984.
• [28]Dergacheva TI, Oganesyan IA. [Present day status of Leishmania vector populations in Armenia]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1987; 4:31-34.
• [29]Darchenkova NN, Dergachova TI. [Regularities of visceral leishmaniasis spreading in Transcaucasia]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1989; 4:28-32.
• [30]Mamedov IG. [Data for the Study of an Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Geokchai Region of the Azerbaijan SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1963; 3:302-304.
• [31]Gasanzade GB, Faramazov AZ, Alieva SI, Saf'ianova VM. [Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the Dzhalilabad District of the Azerbaijani SSR. I. Morbidity analysis]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1981; 3:16-21.
• [32]Titova IV, Faramazov AZ, Gracheva LI, Saf'ianova VM, Gasanzade GB. [Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Dzhalilabad District, Azerbaijan SSR (results of seroepidemiologic studies)]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1982; 5:67-71.
• [33]Tagizade TA, Gasanzade GB, Saf'ianova VM, Shalmiev GB, Gadzhibekova EA, Savina MA et al.. [Visceral leishmaniasis in Ordubad district of Nakhichevan ASSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1989; 3:22-27.
• [34]Rioux JALG, Petter F, Dereure J, Akalay O, Pratlong F, Velez ID et al.. Les leishmanioses cutanees du basin Mediterraneen occidental. De l'identification enzymatique a l'analyse eco-epidemiologique. L'example de trios "foyers" tunisien, marocain et francais. Montpellier, IMEEE; 1986.
• [35]Rioux JA, Lanotte G. Leishmania infantum as a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990; 84(6):898.
• [36]Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Pozio E. Leishmania infantum sensu lato as an agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Abruzzi region (Italy). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987; 81(2):235-237.
• [37]Frank C, Hadziandoniou M, Pratlong F, Garifallou A, Rioux JA. Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Greece: sixteen autochthonous cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993; 87(2):184-185.
• [38]Mamedov IG. [The role of dogs as a reservoir of the parasite in spreading of visceral leishmaniasis]. Trudy Ashkhabad Inst Epidem Gig. Ashkhabad Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene. 1962.119-121.
• [39]Mamedov IG. [A case of spontaneous leishmaniasis in a cat within an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in the Geokchai District of Azerbaijan SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1961; 4:473-474.
• [40]Tagizade TA, Gasanzade GB, Saf'ianova VM, Faramazov AZ, Gadzhibekova EA, Shalmiev GB. [Morbidity of visceral leishmaniasis in Azerbaijan]. Actual Vopr Med Parazitol i Trop Med, Baku. 1985; 5:45-47.
• [41]Nadjafov AY. [Sand flies of Barda town of Azerbaijan SSR]. Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1952; 5:449-454.
• [42]Gadzhibekova EA. [Seasonal course of the count of mass species of sandflies in visceral leishmaniasis foci in Dzhalal-Abad District, Azerbaijan SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1983; 6:33-36.
• [43]Chubabria GA, Zenaishvili OP. [Present-day specific features of visceral leishmaniasis in Georgia]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 2002; 2:27-30.
• [44]Maruashvili GM. [On the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the Georgian SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1965; 6:695-700.
• [45]Bardzhadze BG. [Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezn. 1979; 6:11-16.
• [46]Bardzhadze BG, Saf'ianova VM. [Serological studies of Leishmania strains isolated from sick child and dog in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Georgia SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1979; 3:41-44.
• [47]Schnur LF, Zuckerman A. Leishmanial excreted factor (EF) serotypes in Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1977; 71(3):273-294.
• [48]Gillis D, Klaus S, Schnur LF, Piscopos P, Maayan S, Okon E et al.. Diffusely disseminated cutaneous Leishmania major infection in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995; 14(3):247-249.
• [49]Maruashvili GM, Bardzhadze BG. [On the natural focality of visceral leishmaniasis in the Georgian SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezn. 1966; 4:462-463.
• [50]Maruashvili GM, Bardzhadze BG. [New natural reservoir of Leishmania donovani in Georgia]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1980; 6:77-78.
• [51]Baranets MS, Darchenkova NN, Ponirovskii EN, Zhirenkina EN. [The spread and epidemiological value of mosquitoes (Diptera, Psichodidae, Phlebotominae) of the Caucasus]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 2011; 2:10-15.
• [52]Saladze I. [Geographical distribution of sand flies in Georgia]. Trudy Instituta Parazitol i Trop Med im Virsaladze, Tbilisi. 1964; 5:261-265.
• [53]Maruashvili GM. [On types of foci of visceral leishmaniasis]. Meditsinskaia Promyshlennost' SSSR. 1961; 30:188-196.
• [54]Chun-sun F. [Problems in studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Kazakhstan]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1955; 4:329-333.
• [55]Ryabtseva LA, Rybalova RN. Aktualnye Problemy Medizinskoi Parazitologii: 1975; Samarqand. 1975.
• [56]Kellina OI, Morozov VI. [Epidemiological evaluation of the data on human morbidity with leishmaniasis in the USSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1982; 6:49-52.
• [57]Shuikina EE, Gorbunova LA. [Use of the immunofluorescence technics in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1977; 4:447-453.
• [58]Genis DE. [Epidemiological characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis in the northern part of its geographical range (Kzyl-Orda Province, Kazakh SSR)]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1978; 3:15-21.
• [59]Lubova VV. [Study of Kzyl-Orda foci. Communication 1 and 2]. Voprosy Medizinskykh i Biologicheskykh Issledovaniy 1972; Moskva. 1972.49-52.
• [60]Mamedakhunov KO. [Visceral leishmaniasis]. Zdravookhr Kazakh. 1967; 6:74.
• [61]Musabekov KC, Novak MD, Farizova OM. Jackals as a potential source of leishmaniasis infection in South and South-East of Kazakhstan. Izvestiya AkadNauk KazakhSSR. 1987; 4:86-87.
• [62]Strelkova MV, Dergacheva TI. [Experimental assessment of the ability of different species of sandfly to transmit the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis]. Parazitologiia. 1986; 20(3):174-181.
• [63]Dergacheva TI, Strelkova MV, Genis DE, Kozhaniiazov S. [Biological characteristics and epidemiological importance of Phlebotomus smirnovi, Perf., 1941 in foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Kyzyl-Orda Province, Kazakh SSR. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1982; 6:53-58.
• [64]Kozhaniiazov S, Dergacheva TI, Genis DE. [Fauna and seasonal prevalence of sandflies (Diptera, Phlebotomides) in foci of visceral leishmaniasis of the Kzyl-Orda region of the Kazakh SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1977; 1:30-37.
• [65]Dergacheva TI, Kozhaniiazov S, Genis DE. [Diurnal activity of Phlebotomus smirnovi, Perf. 1941 and its attack on man under the natural conditions of Kzyl-Orda Province, the Kazakh SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1978; 5:75-81.
• [66]Dergacheva TI, Radionova GN, Turbaeva LI, Zaionchkovskaia IV, Dergacheva TI, Radionova GN et al.. [Ecological characteristics of Phlebotomus longiductus Parr. 1928 in Dzhambul Province, Kazakh SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1981; 6:70-75.
• [67]Latyshev NI, Shoshina MA, Polyakov AY. Essay on regional parasitology of Middle Asia. II Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases in the town Osh (Kyrgyzia). Vop Kraev Obshch Eksp Parazit Med Zool. 1951; 7:63-69.
• [68]Tarvit-Gontar IA. [Sand flies of Kyrgyzstan (South-West Kyrgyzstan)]. Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1951; 6:515-519.
• [69]Tarvit-Gontar IA. [Sand flies of Kyrgyzia and their comparative epidemiological significance]. Trudy Kyrgyzskogo Instituta Epidemiologii Microbiologii Gigieny (Frunze). 1956; 2:90-95.
• [70]Latyshev NI, Kryukova AP, Povalishina TP. Essay on the regional parasitology of Middle Asia. I Leishmaniasis in Tajikistan. material for the medical geography of Tajhik SSR (results of expeditions on 1945–1947). VopKraevObshch Eksp Parazit Med Zool. 1951; 7:35-62.
• [71]Sherkhonov T. Leishmaniasis in the European region, a WHO consultative intercountry meeting. Istanbul, Turkey. In.; 2009.
• [72]Schonian G, Nasereddin A, Dinse N, Schweynoch C, Schallig HD, Presber W et al.. PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003; 47(1):349-358.
• [73]Ochsenreither S, Kuhls K, Schaar M, Presber W, Schonian G. Multilocus microsatellite typing as a new tool for discrimination of Leishmania infantum MON-1 strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44(2):495-503.
• [74]Kuhls K, Keilonat L, Ochsenreither S, Schaar M, Schweynoch C, Presber W et al.. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes and Infection/Institut Pasteur. 2007; 9(3):334-343.
• [75]Kudryakov VT. [Visceral leishmaniasis in Dushanbe]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1947; 6:91.
• [76]Petrishcheva PA. [Phlebotomus fauna of southern Tajikistan and Ghissar Region.]. Trudy Tajik Bazy Akad Nauk SSSR. 1936; 6:192-211.
• [77]Perfil’ev PP. [Fauna of the USSR. Insects Diptera. Plebotomidae family]. Nauka, Moskva-Leningrad; 1966.
• [78]Volkova TV. [Sand flies of Tajikistan and their importance in the transmission of sand fly fevers]. Ph.D. thesis. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Moscow; 1995.
• [79]Petrov VP. [Kala-azar (leismaniasis of inner organs)]. State Publishing Company UzSSR, Tashken; 1935.
• [80]Dursunova SM, Karapet'ian AB, Ponirovskii EN. [Some data on the leishmaniasis in the Turkmen SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1965; 3:303-309.
• [81]Mizgireva MF, Sabitov EA, Lesnikova EV, Ponirovskii EN. [Cadastre on leishmaniases in Turkmen SSR]. Ylym, Ashkhabad; 1988.
• [82]Ponirovskii EN, Mizzireva MF, Sabitov EA, Mamigonova RI, Annagel'dyev M. [Study of the focus of visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern Turkmenistan during its activation]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1985; 2:57-64.
• [83]Ponirovskii EN, Charyev B. [The characteristics of the topographical distribution of leishmaniasis in Turkmenistan]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1996; 1:13-17.
• [84]Mizgireva MF, Ponirovskii EN, Sabitov EA, Annagel'dyev M. [Use of the immunofluorescence reaction in diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis in the Turkmen SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1984; 3:78-81.
• [85]Lesnikova EV. [Ecological and parasitological features of foci of visceral leishmaniasis and the surveillance system in Turkmenistan]. Ph.D. thesis. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Moscow; 1992.
• [86]Ponirovskii EN. [Influence of heliogeographical factors on epizootic activity of visceral leishmaniasis natural foci]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 2003; 1:14-16.
• [87]Titova IV, Gracheva LI. [Preparation and trial of a lyophilized diagnosticum in setting up the immunofluorescence reaction for the purpose of detecting visceral leishmaniasis]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1982; 4:50-52.
• [88]Lesnikova EV, Sabitov EA. [Strains of the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis from southeastern Turkmenistan and the results of their trial with golden hamsters]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1986; 5:51-54.
• [89]Dursunova SM, Ponirovskii EN, Afanasiev NP. [Possible role of wild animals in epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Turkmen SSR]. Trudy Ashkhabadskogo Inst Epidem i Gig. 1964; 6:157-158.
• [90]Petrishcheva PA. [The problem of possible natural sources of visceral leishmaniasis in Turkmenia]. Trudy Tajik Bazy Akad Nauk SSSR. 1962; 3:169.
• [91]Ponirovskii EN, Babich VV. [Epizootiologic and epidemiologic role of Phlebotomus mongolensis sin. in Kara-Kalinsk region of the Turkmen SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1971; 3:313-315.
• [92]Yakimov VL. Rapport sur les Travaux de la Mission Scientitique pour les recherches des maladies tropicales humaines et animales du Turkestan en 1913. Ya. Trej, Petrograde; 1915.
• [93]Abdiev FT. [History of the control of leishmaniases in Uzbekistan]. Problemy Biologii i Meditsiny. 2004; 1:13.
• [94]Mirzoyan NA, Lemelev BR. [Morbidity of visceral leishmaniasis in Zeravshan valley for 30 years (1935–1964)]. Med Zhurnal Uzbekistana. 1967; 9:29-33.
• [95]Finkelstein Y. [Visceral leishmaniasis in the Namangan Region]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1956; 25:158-159.
• [96]Mikhailov VG. [Visceral leishmaniasis in the Andizhansk region]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1958; 5:599.
• [97]Isaev LM. [Data on the pathogenesis and clinical course of canine leishmaniasis in Uzbekistan]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1966; 3:259-262.
• [98]Isaev LM, Beliaeva VL, Balasheva MT, Riabtsev FI, Gorodilova LI, Solonin SG et al.. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1966; 3:262-265.
• [99]Nizamov BB, Tursunov SS, Razakov SA, Gracheva LI, Saf'ianova VM. [Serologic examination of the population of cleaned-up foci of visceral leishmaniasis in the territory of the Uzbek SSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1989; 6:28-31.
• [100]Kovalenko DA, Nasyrova RM, Ponomareva VI, Fatullaeva AA, Razakov Sh A, Ponirovskii EN et al.. [Human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Papsky District, Namangan Region, Uzbekistan: seroepidemiological and seroepizootological surveys]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezn. 2011; 3:32-37.
• [101]Zhirenkina EN, Ponirovskii EN, Strelkova MV, Morozov EN, Flegontov PN, Kolesnikov AA et al.. [The epidemiological features of visceral leishmaniasis, revealed on examination of children by polymerase chain reaction, in the Papsky District, Namangan Region, Uzbekistan]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 2011; 3:37-41.
• [102]Fuzailov YM. [Case of visceral leishmaniasis in Pap district of Namangan region]. Aktualnye Voprosy Medizinskoi Parazitologii v Uzbekistane 1989; Tashkent. 1989.14-17.
• [103]Mirzoyan NA. [Duration of the incubation period in visceral leishmaniasis]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1955; 2:334-337.
• [104]Mirzoyan NA. [Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis by short course of solusurmin]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1958; 6:503-508.
• [105]Kassirsky IA. [Sternal puncture in tropical diseases]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Boleznii. 1932; 1:173-175.
• [106]Sofiev MM, Shevchenko FI. [Data about the identity of skin and visceral manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs]. Trudy Inst Epidem Microbiol Sanit (Tashkent). 1934; 1:150-153.
• [107]Maazoun R, Lanotte G, Rioux JA, Pasteur N, Killick-Kendrick R, Pratlong F. [Significance of enzymatic polymorphism in Leishmaniae--on three heterozygous stocks of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, Leishmania cf. tarentolae Wenyon, 1921 and Leishmania aethiopica Bray, Ashford and Bray, 1973 (author's transl)]. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1981; 56(5):467-475.
• [108]Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J. Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparee. 1990; 65(3):111-125.
• [109]Ponirovskii EN, Zhirenkina EN, Strelkova MV, Baranets MS, Fatullaeva AA, Ponomareva VI et al.. [The species composition and epidemiological significance of mosquitoes (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in the foci of visceral leishmaniasis in the Papsky District, Namangan Region, Uzbekistan]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 2012; 3:34-38.
• [110]Mitropolsky FN, Erykalova OK, Andreev MF. [The duration of incubation period in visceral leishmaniasis]. Zhurnal. Klinicheskaya Meditsina. 1963; 41(2):126-128.
• [111]Kellina OI, Zhukauskas RK, Passova OM. [New confirmation of the endemicity of visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Crimea]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1987; 4:22-25.
• [112]Kellina OI. [Distribution area of leishmaniasis in the USSR (analysis of cases detected outside the known endemic regions)]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1977; 6:658-661.
• [113]Mauricio IL, Gaunt MW, Stothard JR, Miles MA. Glycoprotein 63 (gp63) genes show gene conversion and reveal the evolution of Old World Leishmania. Int J Parasitol. 2007; 37(5):565-576.
• [114]Mauricio IL, Yeo M, Baghaei M, Doto D, Pratlong F, Zemanova E et al.. Towards multilocus sequence typing of the Leishmania donovani complex: resolving genotypes and haplotypes for five polymorphic metabolic enzymes (ASAT, GPI, NH1, NH2, PGD). Int J Parasitol. 2006; 36(7):757-769.
• [115]Alam MZ, Haralambous C, Kuhls K, Gouzelou E, Sgouras D, Soteriadou K et al.. The paraphyletic composition of Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37 revealed by multilocus microsatellite typing. Microbes and Infection/Institut Pasteur. 2009; 11(6–7):707-715.
• [116]Dergacheva TI. [Sand flies (Phlebotominae) in the Russian Federation]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 2003; 1:44-47.
• [117]Malkhazova SM, Neronov VM. [Regional geography of leishmaniasis. Part 1. Visceral leishmaniasis]. Itogi nauki I tekhniki, Meditsinskaya geographiya. vol. 12. Moscow. 1983.160.
• [118]Rudnev GP. [Visceral leishmaniasis in Dagestan]. Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1938; 2:234-235.
• [119]Bakeev IK. [Study of distribution and numbers of jackals on North Caucasus]. Bull Moskovskogo Obshestva Ispytatelei Prirody. 1978; 83(2)):45-57.
• [120]Sergiev PG. [The Phlebotomus of Dagestan and the North Caucasus]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezn. 1934; 6:38-40.
• [121]Saf’yanova VM. [On the sand fly fauna (Phlebotomus) in Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (formely Grozny region)]. Zool Zhurnal. 1959; 38(7):1102-1103.
• [122]Dolmatova AV, Perfil'Ev PP, Lil'P GO. [Phlebotomus sand flies in the forests of USSR]. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni. 1956; 1:38-40.
• [123]Control of the leishmaniasis: report of a meeting of the WHO expert committee on the control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22–26 march 2010. WHO technical report series, Geneva; 2010.