Estimated dietary phytoestrogen intake and major food sources among women during the year before pregnancy

Nutrition Journal

Mary E Cogswell¹  Gary M Shaw²  Chen Ma²  Amparo G Gonzalez-Feliciano³  Suzan L Carmichael² 

[1] Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, currently with Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA;Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA;Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, currently with Science Applications International Corporation, Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

关键词: pregnancy;    isoflavone;    lignan;    phytoestrogen;   

Others  :  828654
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-10-105

 received in 2011-07-25, accepted in 2011-10-06,  发布年份 2011

【 摘 要 】

Background

Phytoestrogens may be associated with a variety of different health outcomes, including outcomes related to reproductive health. Recently published data on phytoestrogen content of a wide range of foods provide an opportunity to improve estimation of dietary phytoestrogen intake.

Methods

Using the recently published data, we estimated intake among a representative sample of 6,584 women of reproductive age from a multi-site, population-based case-control study, the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). The NBDPS uses a shortened version of the Willett food frequency questionnaire to estimate dietary intake during the year before pregnancy. We estimated intake among NBDPS control mothers.

Results

Lignans contributed 65% of total phytoestrogen intake; isoflavones, 29%; and coumestrol, 5%. Top contributors to total phytoestrogen intake were vegetables (31%) and fruit (29%); for isoflavones, dairy (33%) and fruit (21%); for lignans, vegetables (40%) and fruit (29%); and for coumestans, fruit (55%) and dairy (18%). Hispanic women had higher phytoestrogen intake than non-Hispanic white or black women. Associations with maternal age and folic acid-containing supplements were more modest but indicated that older mothers and mothers taking supplements had higher intake.

Conclusions

The advantage of the approach used for the current analysis lies in its utilization of phytoestrogen values derived from a single laboratory that used state-of-the-art measurement techniques. The database we developed can be applied directly to other studies using food frequency questionnaires, especially the Willett questionnaire. The database, combined with consistent dietary intake assessment, provides an opportunity to improve our ability to understand potential associations of phytoestrogen intake with health outcomes.

【 授权许可】

   
2011 Carmichael et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]de Kleijn MJ, van der Schouw YT, Wilson PW, Adlercreutz H, Mazur W, Grobbee DE, et al.: Intake of dietary phytoestrogens is low in postmenopausal women in the United States: the Framingham study. J Nutr 2001, 131(6):1826-1832.
• [2]Adlercreutz H: Lignans and human health. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2007, 44:483-525.
• [3]Bradlow HL, Jernstrom H, Sepkovic DW, Klug TL, Narod SA: Comparison of plasma and urinary levels of 2-hydroxyestrogen and 16 alpha-hydroxyestrogen metabolites. Mol Genet Metab 2006, 87:135-146.
• [4]Setchell KD: Soy isoflavones--benefits and risks from nature's selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). J Am Coll Nutr 2001, 20(5 Suppl):354S-362S.
• [5]Walcott FL, Hauptmann M, Duphorne CM, Pillow PC, Strom SS, Sigurdson AJ: A case-control study of dietary phytoestrogens and testicular cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2002, 44(1):44-51.
• [6]Helferich WG, Andrade JE, Hoagland MS: Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: a complex story. Inflammopharmacology 2008, 16(5):219-26.
• [7]Cano A, Garcia-Perez MA, Tarin JJ: Isoflavones and cardiovascular disease. Maturitas 2010, 67(3):219-26.
• [8]Ward HA, Kuhnle GG, Mulligan AA, Lentjes MA, Luben RN, Khaw KT: Breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk in relation to phytoestrogen intake derived from an improved database. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91(2):440-8.
• [9]Nanri A, Mizoue T, Takahashi Y, Kirii K, Inoue M, Noda M, et al.: Soy product and isoflavone intakes are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese women. J Nutr 2010, 140(3):580-6.
• [10]Park SY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN: Legume and isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study. Int J Cancer 2008, 123(4):927-32.
• [11]Harper A, Kerr DJ, Gescher A, Chipman JK: Antioxidant effects of isoflavonoids and lignans, and protection against DNA oxidation. Free Radic Res 1999, 31(2):149-160.
• [12]Vilela ML, Willingham E, Buckley J, Liu BC, Agras K, Shiroyanagi Y, et al.: Endocrine disruptors and hypospadias: role of genistein and the fungicide vinclozolin. Urology 2007, 70(3):618-621.
• [13]Zhao H, Liang J, Li X, Yu H, Xiao R: Folic acid and soybean isoflavone combined supplementation protects the post-neural tube closure defects of rodents induced by cyclophosphamide in vivo and in vitro. Neurotoxicology 2010, 31(2):180-7.
• [14]Xing L, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Shang L, Liu R, Wei X, et al.: Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of the combination of bisphenol A and genistein on in vitro cultured postimplantation rat embryos. Toxicol Sci 2010, 115(2):577-88.
• [15]Jefferson WN, Padilla-Banks E, Goulding EH, Lao SP, Newbold RR, Williams CJ: Neonatal exposure to genistein disrupts ability of female mouse reproductive tract to support preimplantation embryo development and implantation. Biol Reprod 2009, 80(3):425-31.
• [16]Ruhlen RL, Howdeshell KL, Mao J, Taylor JA, Bronson FH, Newbold RR, et al.: Low phytoestrogen levels in feed increase fetal serum estradiol resulting in the "fetal estrogenization syndrome" and obesity in CD-1 mice. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116(3):322-8.
• [17]Kuhnle GG, Dell-Aquila C, Low YL, Kussmaul M, Bingham SA: Extraction and quantification of phytoestrogens in foods using automated solid-phase extraction and LC/MS/MS. Anal Chem 2007, 79(23):9234-9239.
• [18]Kuhnle GG, Dell-Aquila C, Aspinall SM, Runswick SA, Mulligan AA, Bingham SA: Phytoestrogen content of beverages, nuts, seeds, and oils. J Agric Food Chem 2008, 56(16):7311-7315.
• [19]Kuhnle GG, Dell-Aquila C, Aspinall SM, Runswick SA, Mulligan AA, Bingham SA: Phytoestrogen content of foods of animal origin: dairy products, eggs, meat, fish, and seafood. J Agric Food Chem 2008, 56(21):10099-10104.
• [20]Kuhnle GGC, Dell-Aquila C, Aspinall SM, Runswick SA, Joosen AMCP, Mulligan AA, et al.: Phytoestrogen content of fruits and vegetables commonly consumed in the UK based on LC-MS and 13C-labelled standards. Food Chem 2009, 116:542-554.
• [21]Kuhnle GGC, Dell-Aquila C, Aspinall SM, Runswick SA, Mulligan AA, Bingham SA: Phytoestrogen content of cereals and cereal-based foods consumed in the UK. Nutr Cancer 2009, 61(3):302-309.
• [22]Cogswell ME, Bitsko RH, Anderka M, Caton AR, Feldkamp ML, Hockett SM, et al.: Control selection and participation in an ongoing, population-based, case-control study of birth defects: the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009, 170:975-985.
• [23]Yoon PW, Rasmussen SA, Lynberg MC, Moore CA, Anderka M, Carmichael SL, et al.: The National Birth Defect Prevention Study. Public Health Rep 2001, 116(Suppl 2):32-40.
• [24]National Birth Defects Prevention Network: Congenital malformations surveillance report: a report from the National Birth Defects Prevention Network. Teratology 2000, 61:33-158.
• [25]Willett WC, Reynolds RD, Cottrell-Hoehner S, Sampson L, Browne ML: Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire: comparison with a 1-year diet record. J Am Diet Assoc 1987, 87(1):43-47.
• [26]U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19. [http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl] webciteNutrient Data Laboratory Home Page 2006.
• [27]Bachman JL, Reedy J, Subar AF, Krebs-Smith SM: Sources of food group intakes among the US population, 2001-2002. J Am Diet Assoc 2008, 108(5):804-814.
• [28]Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Yang W, Laurent C, Herring A, Royle M, et al.: Correlates of intake of folic acid-containing supplements among pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194(1):203-210; PMC1775038.
• [29]Ross AE, Marchionni L, Phillips TM, Miller RM, Hurley PJ, Simons BW, et al.: Molecular effects of genistein on male urethral development. J Urol 2011, 185(5):1894-8.
• [30]Wisniewski AB, Klein SL, Lakshmanan Y, Gearhart JP: Exposure to genistein during gestation and lactation demasculinizes the reproductive system in rats. J Urol 2003, 169(4):1582-6.
• [31]Boker LK, van der Schouw YT, de Kleijn MJ, Jacques PF, Grobbee DE, Peeters PH: Intake of dietary phytoestrogens by Dutch women. J Nutr 2002, 132(6):1319-1328.
• [32]Milder IE, Feskens EJ, Arts IC, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Hollman PC, Kromhout D: Intake of the plant lignans secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, and pinoresinol in Dutch men and women. J Nutr 2005, 135(5):1202-7.
• [33]Frankenfeld CL, Patterson RE, Horner NK, Neuhouser ML, Skor HE, Kalhorn TF, et al.: Validation of a soy food-frequency questionnaire and evaluation of correlates of plasma isoflavone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77(3):674-80.
• [34]Hedelin M, Lof M, Andersson TML, Adlercreutz H, Weiderpass E: Dietary phytoestrogens and the risk of ovarian cancer in the women's lifestyle and health cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011, 20:308-317.
• [35]Kuhnle GGC, Dell'Aquila C, Runswick SA, Bingham SA: Variability of phytoestrogen content in foods from different sources. Food Chem 2008, 113:1184-1187.
• [36]French MR, Thompson LU, Hawker GA: Validation of a phytoestrogen food frequency questionnaire with urinary concentrations of isoflavones and lignan metabolites in premenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2007, 26(1):76-82.
• [37]Heald CL, Bolton-Smith C, Ritchie MR, Morton MS, Alexander FE: Phyto-oestrogen intake in Scottish men: use of serum to validate a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in older men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006, 60(1):129-135.