International consensus on (ICON) anaphylaxis

World Allergy Organization Journal

Margitta Worm⁴  Dana V Wallace⁷  Lynette P Shek²  Aziz Sheikh^1,15  Mario Sanchez-Borges^1,13  Graham Roberts⁵  Antonella Muraro⁹  Richard F Lockey^1,14  Phil Lieberman⁶  Yehia M El-Gamal^1,10  Motohiro Ebisawa^1,12  Victoria Cardona⁸  M Beatrice Bilò¹  Ledit RF Ardusso³  F Estelle R Simons^1,11 

[1] Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Ancona, Italy;Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore;Cátedra Neumonología, Alergia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina;Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Klinik fur Dermatologie und Allergologie, Charité, Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany;University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom, David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom;Allergy and Asthma Associates, Germantown, TN, USA;Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA;Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain;Department of Women and Child Health, Food Allergy Referral Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy;Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt;Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room FE125, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3A 1R9;Department of Allergy, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Allergy & Rheumatology, Kanagawa, Japan;Centro Medico Docente La Trinidad, Caracas, Clinica El Avila, Caracas, Venezuela;University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA;Center for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom and Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

关键词: Idiopathic anaphylaxis;    Exercise-induced anaphylaxis;    Drug allergy;    Venom allergy;    Food allergy;    Glucocorticoids;    H₂-antihistamines;    H₁-antihistamines;    Epinephrine (adrenaline);    Acute systemic allergic reaction;    Anaphylaxis;   

Others  :  802410
DOI  :  10.1186/1939-4551-7-9

 received in 2014-04-02, accepted in 2014-04-03,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

ICON: Anaphylaxis provides a unique perspective on the principal evidence-based anaphylaxis guidelines developed and published independently from 2010 through 2014 by four allergy/immunology organizations. These guidelines concur with regard to the clinical features that indicate a likely diagnosis of anaphylaxis -- a life-threatening generalized or systemic allergic or hypersensitivity reaction.

They also concur about prompt initial treatment with intramuscular injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) in the mid-outer thigh, positioning the patient supine (semi-reclining if dyspneic or vomiting), calling for help, and when indicated, providing supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluid resuscitation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, along with concomitant monitoring of vital signs and oxygenation. Additionally, they concur that H₁-antihistamines, H₂-antihistamines, and glucocorticoids are not initial medications of choice.

For self-management of patients at risk of anaphylaxis in community settings, they recommend carrying epinephrine auto-injectors and personalized emergency action plans, as well as follow-up with a physician (ideally an allergy/immunology specialist) to help prevent anaphylaxis recurrences.

ICON: Anaphylaxis describes unmet needs in anaphylaxis, noting that although epinephrine in 1 mg/mL ampules is available worldwide, other essentials, including supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluid resuscitation, and epinephrine auto-injectors are not universally available.

ICON: Anaphylaxis proposes a comprehensive international research agenda that calls for additional prospective studies of anaphylaxis epidemiology, patient risk factors and co-factors, triggers, clinical criteria for diagnosis, randomized controlled trials of therapeutic interventions, and measures to prevent anaphylaxis recurrences. It also calls for facilitation of global collaborations in anaphylaxis research.

In addition to confirming the alignment of major anaphylaxis guidelines, ICON: Anaphylaxis adds value by including summary tables and citing 130 key references. It is published as an information resource about anaphylaxis for worldwide use by healthcare professionals, academics, policy-makers, patients, caregivers, and the public.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Simons et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lotvall J, Pawankar R, Wallace DV, Akdis CA, Rosenwasser LJ, Weber RW, Burks AW, Casale TB, Lockey RF, Papadopoulos NG, Fineman SM, Ledford DK, on behalf of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, the EAACI, and the WAO: We call for iCAALL: International Collaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 129:904-905.
• [2]Simons FER, Ardusso LRF, Bilo MB, El-Gamal YM, Ledford DK, Ring J, Sanchez-Borges M, Senna GE, Sheikh A, Thong BY, for the World Allergy Organization: World Allergy Organization guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 127:587-593. e1-e22
• [3]Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Kemp SF, Lang DM, Bernstein DI, Bernstein JA, Burks AW, Feldweg AM, Fink JN, Greenberger PA, Golden DBK, James JM, Kemp SF, Ledford DK, Lieberman P, Sheffer AL, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, Lang D, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph C, Schuller DE, Spector SL, Tilles S, Wallace D: The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis practice parameter: 2010 update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010, 126:477-480.
• [4]Muraro A, Roberts G, Worm M, Bilo MB, Brockow K, Fernandez-Rivas M, Santos AF, Zolkipli ZQ, Bellou A, Bindslev-Jensen C, Cardona V, Clark AT, Demoly P, Dubois AEJ, Dunn Galvin A, Eigenmann P, Halken S, Harada L, Lack G, Jutel M, Niggemann B, Rueff F, Timmermans F, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Werfel T, Dhami S, Panesar S, Sheikh A, on behalf of EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group: Anaphylaxis: Guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2014. DOI: 10.1111/all.12437
• [5]Simons FER, for the World Allergy Organization: World Allergy Organization survey on global availability of essentials for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis by allergy/immunology specialists in healthcare settings. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010, 104:405-412.
• [6]Simons FER: Lack of worldwide availability of epinephrine autoinjectors for outpatients at risk of anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005, 94:534-538.
• [7]Simons FER, for the World Allergy Organization: Epinephrine auto-injectors: first-aid treatment still out of reach for many at risk of anaphylaxis in the community. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009, 102:403-409.
• [8]Simons FER, Ardusso LRF, Bilo MB, Dimov V, Ebisawa M, El-Gamal YM, Ledford DK, Lockey RF, Ring J, Sanchez-Borges M, Senna GE, Sheikh A, Thong BY, Worm M, for the World Allergy Organization: 2012 update: World Allergy Organization Guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 12:389-399.
• [9]Simons FER, Ardusso LRF, Dimov V, Ebisawa M, El-Gamal YM, Lockey RF, Sanchez-Borges M, Senna GE, Sheikh A, Thong BY, Worm M, for the World Allergy Organization: World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines: 2013 update of the evidence base. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013, 162:193-204.
• [10]Nicklas RA, Bernstein IL, Li JT, Lee RE, Spector SL, Dykewicz MS, Fineman S, Berger W, Blessing-Moore J, Schuller D, Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Practice Parameters: The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998, 101:S465-S528.
• [11]Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, Joint Council of Allergy Asthma and Immunology: The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005, 115:S483-S523.
• [12]Campbell R, Li JT, Sadosty AT: Emergency department diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis. 2014. (in press)
• [13]Sampson HA, Bernstein D, Blessing-Moore J, Khan D, Lang D, Nicklas R, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy J, Randolph C, Schuller D, Spector S, Tilles SA, Wallace D: Food allergy: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014., 133(in press)
• [14]Golden DBK, Moffitt J, Nicklas RA, Freeman T, Graft DF, Reisman RE, Tracy JM: Stinging insect hypersensitivity: A practice parameter update 2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 127:852-854. e23
• [15]Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, Joint Council of Allergy Asthma and Immunology: Drug allergy: an updated practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010, 105:259-273.
• [16]Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, Calabria C, Chacko T, Finegold I, Nelson M, Weber R, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Khan DA, Lang DM, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph C, Schuller DE, Spector SL, Tilles S, Wallace D: Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 127:S1-S55.
• [17]Fineman S, Dowling P, O'Rourke D: Allergists’ self-reported adherence to anaphylaxis practice parameters and perceived barriers to care: an American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology member survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013, 111:529-536.
• [18]Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, Fervers B, Graham ID, Grimshaw J, Hanna SE, Littlejohns P, Makarski J, Zitzelsberger L: AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. Can Med Assoc J 2010, 182:E839-E842.
• [19]Muraro A, Roberts G, Clark A, Eigenmann PA, Halken S, Lack G, Moneret-Vautrin A, Niggemann B, Rance F: The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2007, 62:857-871.
• [20]Panesar SS, Javad S, de Silva D, Nwaru BI, Hickstein L, Muraro A, Roberts G, Worm M, Bilo MB, Cardona V, Dubois AEJ, Dunn Galvin A, Eigenmann P, Fernandez-Rivas M, Halken S, Lack G, Niggemann B, Santos AF, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Zolkipli ZQ, Sheikh A: The epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Europe: a systematic review. Allergy 2013, 68:1353-1361.
• [21]Dhami S, Panesar SS, Roberts G, Muraro A, Worm M, Bilo MB, Cardona V, Dubois AEJ, DunnGalvin A, Eigenmann P, Fernandez-Rivas M, Halken S, Lack G, Niggemann B, Rueff F, Santos AF, Vlieg-Boerstra B, Zolkipli ZQ, Sheikh A, on behalf of the EAACI Food, Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group: Management of anaphylaxis: a systematic review. Allergy 2014, 69:168-175.
• [22]Muraro A, Werfel T, Beyer K, Bindslev-Jensen C, Cardona V, Dubois AEJ, Du TG, Eigenmann P, Fernandez-Rivas M, Halken S, Hickstein L, Host A, Knol E, Lack G, Marchisotto MJ, Niggemann B, Nwaru B, Papadopoulos N, Roberts G, Santos A, Skypala I, Shoepfer A, Van Ree R, Venter C, Worm M, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Panesar SS, de Silva D, Soares-Weisser K, Sheikh A, Ballmer-Weber BK, Nilsson C, Akdis CA, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K: Diagnosis and management of food allergy: Guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2014., 69(in press)
• [23]Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, Adkinson NF Jr, Bock SA, Branum A, Brown SGA, Camargo CA Jr, Cydulka R, Galli SJ, Gidudu J, Gruchalla RS, Harlor AD Jr, Hepner DL, Lewis LM, Lieberman PL, Metcalfe DD, O'Connor R, Muraro A, Rudman A, Schmitt C, Scherrer D, Simons FER, Thomas S, Wood JP, Decker WW: Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report–Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 117:391-397.
• [24]Brown SGA, Stone SF, Fatovich DM, Burrows SA, Holdgate A, Celenza A, Coulson A, Hartnett L, Nagree Y, Cotterell C, Isbister GK: Anaphylaxis: Clinical patterns, mediator release, and severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 132:1141-1149. e5
• [25]Park HJ, Kim SH: Factors associated with shock in anaphylaxis. Am J Emerg Med 2012, 30:1674-1678.
• [26]Caffarelli C, Rico S, Rinaldi L, Povesi Dascola C, Terzi C, Bernasconi S: Blood pressure monitoring in children undergoing food challenge: association with anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012, 108:285-286.
• [27]Gibbison B, Sheikh A, McShane P, Haddow C, Soar J: Anaphylaxis admissions to UK critical care units between 2005 and 2009. Anaesthesia 2012, 67:833-839.
• [28]Cetinkaya F, Incioglu A, Birinci S, Karaman BE, Dokucu AI, Sheikh A: Hospital admissions for anaphylaxis in Istanbul, Turkey. Allergy 2013, 68:128-130.
• [29]Hoffer V, Scheuerman O, Marcus N, Levy Y, Segal N, Lagovsky I, Monselise Y, Garty BZ: Anaphylaxis in Israel: experience with 92 hospitalized children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011, 22:172-177.
• [30]Liew WK, Williamson E, Tang MLK: Anaphylaxis fatalities and admissions in Australia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009, 123:434-442.
• [31]Techapornroong M, Akrawinthawong K, Cheungpasitporn W, Ruxrungtham K: Anaphylaxis: a ten years inpatient retrospective study. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2010, 28:262-269.
• [32]Sole D, Ivancevich JC, Sanchez-Borges M: Anaphylaxis in Latin America: a report of the online Latin American Survey on Anaphylaxis (OLASA). Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011, 66:943-947.
• [33]Worm M, Edenharter G, Rueff F, Scherer K, Pfohler C, Mahler V, Treudler R, Lang R, Nemat K, Koehli A, Niggemann B, Hompes S: Symptom profile and risk factors of anaphylaxis in Central Europe. Allergy 2012, 67:691-698.
• [34]Tejedor Alonso MA, Moro Moro M, Mugica Garcia MV, Esteban Hernandez J, Rosado Ingelmo A, Vila Albelda C, Gomez Traseira C, Cardenas Contreras R, Sanz Sacristan J, Hernandez MA: Incidence of anaphylaxis in the city of Alcorcon (Spain): a population-based study. Clin Exp Allergy 2012, 42:578-589.
• [35]Wood RA, Camargo CA, Lieberman P, Sampson HA, Schwartz LB, Zitt M, Collins C, Tringale M, Wilkinson M, Boyle J, Simons FER: Anaphylaxis in America: The prevalence and characteristics of anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:461-467.
• [36]Tanno LK, Ganem F, Demoly P, Toscano CM, Bierrenbach AL: Undernotification of anaphylaxis deaths in Brazil due to difficult coding under the ICD-10. Allergy 2012, 67:783-789.
• [37]Shen Y, Li L, Grant J, Rubio A, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Zhou L, Fowler D: Anaphylactic deaths in Maryland (United States) and Shanghai (China): a review of forensic autopsy cases from 2004 to 2006. Forensic Sci Int 2009, 186:1-5.
• [38]Simons FER: Anaphylaxis in infants: Can recognition and management be improved? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007, 120:537-540.
• [39]Simons FER, Schatz M: Anaphylaxis during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 130:597-606.
• [40]Campbell RL, Hagan JB, Li JTC, Vukov SC, Kanthala AR, Smith VD, Manivannan V, Bellolio MF, Decker WW: Anaphylaxis in emergency department patients 50 or 65 years or older. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011, 106:401-406.
• [41]Gonzalez-Perez A, Aponte Z, Vidaurre CF, Rodriguez LAG: Anaphylaxis epidemiology in patients with and patients without asthma: a United Kingdom database review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010, 125:1098-1104. e1
• [42]Iribarren C, Tolstykh IV, Miller MK, Eisner MD: Asthma and the prospective risk of anaphylactic shock and other allergy diagnoses in a large integrated health care delivery system. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010, 104:371-377.
• [43]Triggiani M, Patella V, Staiano RI, Granata F, Marone G: Allergy and the cardiovascular system. Clin Exp Immunol 2008, 153(Suppl 1):7-11.
• [44]Kalesnikoff J, Galli SJ: New developments in mast cell biology. Nat Immunol 2008, 9:1215-1223.
• [45]Valent P, Akin C, Arock M, Brockow K, Butterfield JH, Carter MC, Castells M, Escribano L, Hartmann K, Lieberman P, Nedoszytko B, Orfao A, Schwartz LB, Sotlar K, Sperr WR, Triggiani M, Valenta R, Horny H-P, Metcalfe DD: Definitions, criteria and global classification of mast cell disorders with special reference to mast cell activation syndromes: a consensus proposal. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012, 157:215-225.
• [46]Rueff F, Przybilla B, Bilo MB, Muller U, Scheipl F, Aberer W, Birnbaum J, Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A, Bonifazi F, Bucher C, Campi P, Darsow U, Egger C, Haeberli G, Hawranek T, Korner M, Kucharewicz I, Kuchenhoff H, Lang R, Quercia O, Reider N, Severino M, Sticherling M, Sturm GJ, Wuthrich B: Predictors of severe systemic anaphylactic reactions in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy: importance of baseline serum tryptase-a study of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009, 124:1047-1054.
• [47]Alvarez-Twose I, Vano-Galvan S, Sanchez-Munoz L, Morgado JM, Matito A, Torrelo A, Jaen P, Schwartz LB, Orfao A, Escribano L: Increased serum baseline tryptase levels and extensive skin involvement are predictors for the severity of mast cell activation episodes in children with mastocytosis. Allergy 2012, 67:813-821.
• [48]Lee S, Hess EP, Nestler DM, Bellamkonda Athmaram VR, Bellolio MF, Decker WW, Li JTC, Hagan JB, Manivannan V, Vukov SC, Campbell RL: Antihypertensive medication use is associated with increased organ system involvement and hospitalization in emergency department patients with anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:1103-1108.
• [49]Stoevesandt J, Hain J, Kerstan A, Trautmann A: Over- and underestimated parameters in severe Hymenoptera venom-induced anaphylaxis: cardiovascular medication and absence of urticaria/angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 130:698-704.
• [50]Wolbing F, Fischer J, Koberle M, Kaesler S, Biedermann T: About the role and underlying mechanisms of cofactors in anaphylaxis. Allergy 2013, 68:1085-1092.
• [51]Bauer CS, Kampitak T, Messieh ML, Kelly KJ, Vadas P: Heterogeneity in presentation and treatment of catamenial anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013, 111:107-111.
• [52]Khodoun MV, Strait R, Armstrong L, Yanase N, Finkelman FD: Identification of markers that distinguish IgE- from IgG-mediated anaphylaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108:12413-12418.
• [53]Boyce JA, Assa'ad AH, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA, Plaut M, Cooper SF, Fenton M, Arshad SH, Bahna SL, Beck LA, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Camargo CA Jr, Eichenfield L, Furuta GT, Hanifin JM, Jones C, Kraft M, Levy BD, Lieberman P, Luccioli S, McCall KM, Schneider LC, Simon RA, Simons FER, Teach SJ, Yawn BP: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010, 126:S1-S58.
• [54]Liew WK, Chiang WC, Goh AE, Lim HH, Chay OM, Chang S, Tan JH, Shih E, Kidon M: Paediatric anaphylaxis in a Singaporean children cohort: changing food allergy triggers over time. Asia Pac Allergy 2013, 3:29-34.
• [55]Vereda A, van Hage M, Ahlstedt S, Ibanez MD, Cuesta-Herranz J, van Odijk J, Wickman M, Sampson HA: Peanut allergy: Clinical and immunologic differences among patients from 3 different geographic regions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 127:603-607.
• [56]Sanchez-Borges M, Suarez Chacon R, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F, Fernandez-Caldas E: Anaphylaxis from ingestion of mites: pancake anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:31-35.
• [57]Chiang WC, Huang C-H, Llanora GV, Gerez I, Goh SH, Shek LPC, Nauta AJ, Van Doorn WA, Bindels J, Ulfman LH, Knipping K, Delsing DJ, Knol EF, Lee BW: Anaphylaxis to cow's milk formula containing short-chain galacto-oligosaccharide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 130:1361-1367.
• [58]Takahashi H, Matsuo H, Chinuki Y, Kohno K, Tanaka A, Maruyama N, Morita E: Recombinant high molecular weight-glutenin subunit-specific IgE detection is useful in identifying wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis complementary to recombinant omega-5 gliadin-specific IgE test. Clin Exp Allergy 2012, 42:1293-1298.
• [59]Brown SGA, van Eeden P, Wiese MD, Mullins RJ, Solley GO, Puy R, Taylor RW, Heddle RJ: Causes of ant sting anaphylaxis in Australia: the Australian Ant Venom Allergy Study. Med J Aust 2011, 195:69-73.
• [60]Ribeiro-Vaz I, Marques J, Demoly P, Polonia J, Gomes ER: Drug-induced anaphylaxis: a decade review of reporting to the Portuguese Pharmacovigilance Authority. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013, 69:673-681.
• [61]Renaudin J-M, Beaudouin E, Ponvert C, Demoly P, Moneret-Vautrin D-A: Severe drug-induced anaphylaxis: analysis of 333 cases recorded by the Allergy Vigilance Network from 2002 to 2010. Allergy 2013, 68:929-937.
• [62]Mertes PM, Alla F, Trechot P, Auroy Y, Jougla E, and the Groupe d'Etudes des Reactions Anaphylactoides Peranesthesiques: Anaphylaxis during anesthesia in France: an 8-year national survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 128:366-373.
• [63]Kim J, Park MR, Kim DS, Lee JO, Maeng SH, Cho SY, Han Y, Ahn K, Jin DK: IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and allergic reactions to idursulfase in patients with Hunter syndrome. Allergy 2013, 68:796-802.
• [64]Brockow K, Ring J: Anaphylaxis to radiographic contrast media. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 11:326-331.
• [65]Minciullo PL, Cascio A, David A, Pernice LM, Calapai G, Gangemi S: Anaphylaxis caused by helminths: review of the literature. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012, 16:1513-1518.
• [66]Li Y, Zheng H, Cao X, Liu Z, Chen L: Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with anaphylactic shock after surgery for cystic echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011, 85:452-455.
• [67]Campbell RL, Hagan JB, Manivannan V, Decker WW, Kanthala AR, Bellolio MF, Smith VD, Li JTC: Evaluation of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network criteria for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis in emergency department patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 129:748-752.
• [68]Harduar-Morano L, Simon MR, Watkins S, Blackmore C: Algorithm for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis and its validation using population-based data on emergency department visits for anaphylaxis in Florida. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010, 126:98-104.
• [69]Vadas P, Perelman B, Liss G: Platelet-activating factor, histamine, and tryptase levels in human anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:144-149.
• [70]Sala-Cunill A, Cardona V, Labrador-Horrillo M, Luengo O, Esteso O, Garriga T, Vicario M, Guilarte M: Usefulness and limitations of sequential serum tryptase for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis in 102 patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013, 160:192-199.
• [71]Belhocine W, Ibrahim Z, Grandne V, Buffat C, Robert P, Gras D, Cleach I, Bongrand P, Carayon P, Vitte J: Total serum tryptase levels are higher in young infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011, 22:600-607.
• [72]Choo KJL, Simons FER, Sheikh A: Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012., 4CD007596
• [73]Sheikh A, Ten Broek V, Brown SGA, Simons FER: H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy 2007, 62:830-837.
• [74]Ellis BC, Brown SGA: Parenteral antihistamines cause hypotension in anaphylaxis. Emerg Med Australas 2013, 25:92-93.
• [75]Nurmatov U, Rhatigan E, Simons FER, Sheikh A: H2-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014, 112:126-131.
• [76]Field JM, Hazinski MF, Sayre MR, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, Hemphill R, Samson RA, Kattwinkel J, Berg RA, Bhanji F, Cave DM, Jauch EC, Kudenchuk PJ, Neumar RW, Peberdy MA, Perlman JM, Sinz E, Travers AH, Berg MD, Billi JE, Eigel B, Hickey RW, Kleinman ME, Link MS, Morrison LJ, O'Connor RE, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Cucchiara B, Ferguson JD, Rea TD, Vanden Hoek TL: Part 1: executive summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010, 122:S640-S656.
• [77]Vadas P, Perelman B: Effect of epinephrine on platelet-activating factor-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 129:1329-1333.
• [78]Rudders SA, Geyer BC, Banerji A, Phipatanakul W, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr: Obesity is not a risk factor for repeat epinephrine use in the treatment of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 130:1216-1218.
• [79]Grabenhenrich L, Hompes S, Gough H, Rueff F, Scherer K, Pfohler C, Treudler R, Mahler V, Hawranek T, Nemat K, Koehli A, Keil T, Worm M: Implementation of anaphylaxis management guidelines: a register-based study. PLoS One 2012, 7:e35778.
• [80]Arroabarren E, Lasa EM, Olaciregui I, Sarasqueta C, Munoz JA, Perez-Yarza EG: Improving anaphylaxis management in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011, 22:708-714.
• [81]Ben-Shoshan M, La Vieille S, Eisman H, Alizadehfar R, Mill C, Perkins E, Joseph L, Morris J, Clarke A: Anaphylaxis treated in a Canadian pediatric hospital: Incidence, clinical characteristics, triggers, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 132:739-741. e3
• [82]Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K: Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013., 2CD000567
• [83]Jang DH, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS: Methylene blue for distributive shock: A potential new use of an old antidote. J Med Toxicol 2013, 9:242-249.
• [84]Sheikh A, Simons FER, Barbour V, Worth A: Adrenaline auto-injectors for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without cardiovascular collapse in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012., 8CD008935
• [85]Landsman-Blumberg PB, Wei W, Douglas D, Smith DM, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr: Food-induced anaphylaxis among commercially insured US adults: patient concordance with postdischarge care guidelines. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013, 1:595-601.
• [86]Rudders SA, Clark S, Wei W, Camargo CA Jr: Longitudinal study of 954 patients with stinging insect anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013, 111:199-204. e1
• [87]Fleischer DM, Perry TT, Atkins D, Wood RA, Burks AW, Jones SM, Henning AK, Stablein D, Sampson HA, Sicherer SH: Allergic reactions to foods in preschool-aged children in a prospective observational food allergy study. Pediatrics 2012, 130:e25-e32.
• [88]Noimark L, Wales J, Du Toit G, Pastacaldi C, Haddad D, Gardner J, Hyer W, Vance G, Townshend C, Alfaham M, Arkwright PD, Rao R, Kapoor S, Summerfield A, Warner JO, Roberts G: The use of adrenaline autoinjectors by children and teenagers. Clin Exp Allergy 2012, 42:284-292.
• [89]Topal E, Bakirtas A, Yilmaz O, Ertoy IH, Arga M, Demirsoy MS, Turktas I: A real-life study on acquired skills from using an adrenaline autoinjector. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013, 160:301-306.
• [90]Arga M, Bakirtas A, Catal F, Derinoz O, Harmanci K, Razi CH, Ergocen S, Demirsoy MS, Turktas I: Training of trainers on epinephrine autoinjector use. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011, 22:590-593.
• [91]Brown J, Tuthill D, Alfaham M, Spear E: A randomized maternal evaluation of epinephrine autoinjection devices. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013, 24:173-177.
• [92]Chad L, Ben-Shoshan M, Asai Y, Cherkaoui S, Alizadehfar R, St-Pierre Y, Harada L, Allen M, Clarke A: A majority of parents of children with peanut allergy fear using the epinephrine auto-injector. Allergy 2013, 68:1605-1609.
• [93]Edwards ES, Gunn R, Simons FER, Carr K, Chinchilli VM, Painter G, Goldwater R: Bioavailability of epinephrine from Auvi-Q compared with EpiPen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013, 111:132-137.
• [94]Camargo CA Jr, Guana A, Wang S, Simons FER: Auvi-Q versus EpiPen: preferences of adults, caregivers and children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013, 1:266-272.
• [95]Simons E, Sicherer SH, Simons FER: Timing the transfer of responsibilities for anaphylaxis recognition and use of an epinephrine auto-injector from adults to children and teenagers: pediatric allergists’ perspective. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012, 108:321-325.
• [96]Sicherer SH, Vargas PA, Groetch ME, Christie L, Carlisle SK, Noone S, Jones SM: Development and validation of educational materials for food allergy. J Pediatr 2012, 160:651-656.
• [97]Kelleher MM, Dunn Galvin A, Sheikh A, Cullinane C, Fitzsimons J, Hourihane JO'B: Twenty four-hour helpline access to expert management advice for food-allergy-triggered anaphylaxis in infants, children and young people: a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2013, 68:1598-1604.
• [98]Armstrong N, Wolff R, van Mastrigt G, Martinez N, Hernandez AV, Misso K, Kleijnen J: A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis of specialist services and adrenaline auto-injectors in anaphylaxis. Health Technol Assess 2013, 17:1-117.
• [99]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA: Food allergy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:291-307.
• [100]Heinzerling L, Mari A, Bergmann K-C, Bresciani M, Burbach G, Darsow U, Durham S, Fokkens W, Gjomarkaj M, Haahtela T, Bom AT, Wohrl S, Maibach H, Lockey R: The skin prick test - European standards. Clin Transl Allergy 2013, 3:3. BioMed Central Full Text
• [101]Ludman S, Wassenberg J, Du Toit G, Fox AT, Lack G, Eigenmann PA: Paediatric oral peanut challenges: a comparison of practice in London and Western Switzerland. Allergy 2013, 68:539-541.
• [102]Sampson HA, Gerth van Wijk R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Sicherer S, Teuber SS, Burks AW, Dubois AEJ, Beyer K, Eigenmann PA, Spergel JM, Werfel T, Chinchilli VM: Standardizing double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology-European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 130:1260-1274.
• [103]Strohmeier B, Aberer W, Bokanovic D, Komericki P, Sturm GJ: Simultaneous intradermal testing with hymenoptera venoms is safe and more efficient than sequential testing. Allergy 2013, 68:542-544.
• [104]Thong BY, Mirakian R, Castells M, Pichler W, Romano A, Bonadonna P, Diana D, Kowalski M, Yanez A, Lleonart R, Sanchez-Borges M, Demoly P: World Allergy Organization international survey on diagnostic procedures and therapies in drug allergy/hypersensitivity. World Allergy Organ J 2011, 4:257-270.
• [105]Sanchez-Borges M, Thong B, Blanca M, Ensina LF, Gonzalez-Diaz S, Greenberger PA, Jares E, Jee Y-K, Kase-Tanno L, Khan D, Park J-W, Pichler W, Romano A, Jaen MJ: Hypersensitivity reactions to non beta-lactam antimicrobial agents, a statement of the WAO special committee on drug allergy. World Allergy Organ J 2013, 6:18. BioMed Central Full Text
• [106]Lafuente A, Javaloyes G, Berroa F, Goikoetxea MJ, Moncada R, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Cabrera-Freitag P, D'Amelio C, Sanz ML, Gastaminza G: Early skin testing is effective for diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions occurring during anesthesia. Allergy 2013, 68:820-822.
• [107]Ng IE, Turner PJ, Kemp AS, Campbell DE: Parental perceptions and dietary adherence in children with seafood allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011, 22:720-728.
• [108]Vale S, Smith J, Said M, Dunne G, Mullins R, Loh R: ASCIA guidelines for prevention of anaphylaxis in schools, pre-schools and childcare: 2012 update. J Paediatr Child Health 2013, 49:342-345.
• [109]Barnett J, Botting N, Gowland MH, Lucas JS: The strategies that peanut and nut-allergic consumers employ to remain safe when travelling abroad. Clin Transl Allergy 2012, 2:12. BioMed Central Full Text
• [110]Cummings AJ, Knibb RC, King RM, Lucas JS: The psychosocial impact of food allergy and food hypersensitivity in children, adolescents and their families: a review. Allergy 2010, 65:933-945.
• [111]Shemesh E, Annunziato RA, Ambrose MA, Ravid NL, Mullarkey C, Rubes M, Chuang K, Sicherer M, Sicherer SH: Child and parental reports of bullying in a consecutive sample of children with food allergy. Pediatrics 2013, 131:e10-e17.
• [112]Boyle RJ, Elremeli M, Hockenhull J, Cherry MG, Bulsara MK, Daniels M, Oude Elberink JNG: Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012., 10CD008838
• [113]Bilo MB, Antonicelli L, Bonifazi F: Honeybee venom immunotherapy: certainties and pitfalls. Immunotherapy 2012, 4:1153-1166.
• [114]Brown SGA, Wiese MD, van Eeden P, Stone SF, Chuter CL, Gunner J, Wanandy T, Phillips M, Heddle RJ: Ultrarush versus semirush initiation of insect venom immunotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 130:162-168.
• [115]Rueff F, Chatelain R, Przybilla B: Management of occupational Hymenoptera allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011, 11:69-74.
• [116]Bonadonna P, Gonzalez-de-Olano D, Zanotti R, Riccio AM, Matito A, Vega A, Passalacqua G: Venom immunotherapy in patients with clonal mast cell disorders: efficacy, safety, and practical considerations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013, 1:474-478.
• [117]Liu A, Fanning L, Chong H, Fernandez J, Sloane D, Sancho-Serra M, Castells M: Desensitization regimens for drug allergy: state of the art in the 21st century. Clin Exp Allergy 2011, 41:1679-1689.
• [118]Gibbs NM, Sadleir PH, Clarke RC, Platt PR: Survival from perioperative anaphylaxis in Western Australia 2000-2009. Br J Anaesthesia 2013, 111:589-593.
• [119]Wood RA, Sampson HA: Oral immunotherapy for the treatment of peanut allergy: is it ready for prime time? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014, 2:97-98.
• [120]Jones SM, Burks AW, Dupont C: State of the art on food allergen immunotherapy: oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:318-323.
• [121]Schneider LC, Rachid R, Lebovidge J, Blood E, Mittal M, Umetsu DT: A pilot study of omalizumab to facilitate rapid oral desensitization in high-risk peanut-allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 132:1368-1374.
• [122]Kim S-H, Lee S-H, Lee S-M, Kang H-R, Park H-W, Kim S-S, Cho S-H, Min K-U, Kim Y-Y, Chang Y-S: Outcomes of premedication for non-ionic radio-contrast media hypersensitivity reactions in Korea. Eur J Radiol 2011, 80:363-367.
• [123]de Silva HA, Pathmeswaran A, Ranasinha CD, Jayamanne S, Samarakoon SB, Hittharage A, Kalupahana R, Ratnatilaka GA, Uluwatthage W, Aronson JK, Armitage JM, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ: Low-dose adrenaline, promethazine, and hydrocortisone in the prevention of acute adverse reactions to antivenom following snakebite: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med 2011, 8:e1000435.
• [124]Muller UR, Jutel M, Reimers A, Zumkehr J, Huber C, Kriegel C, Steiner U, Haeberli G, Akdis M, Helbling A, Schnyder B, Blaser K, Akdis C: Clinical and immunologic effects of H1-antihistamine preventive medication during honeybee venom immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008, 122:1001-1007.
• [125]Ralston ME, Day LT, Slusher TM, Musa NL, Doss HS: Global paediatric advanced life support: improving child survival in limited-resource settings. Lancet 2013, 381:256-265.
• [126]Pocket Book of Hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses. 2nd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013:108-109.
• [127]Raimer PL, Han YY, Weber MS, Annich GM, Custer JR: A normal capillary refill time of ≤ 2 seconds is associated with superior vena cava oxygen saturations of ≥ 70%. J Pediatr 2011, 158:968-972.
• [128]Duke T, Graham SM, Cherian MN, Ginsburg AS, English M, Howie S, Peel D, Enarson PM, Wilson IH, Were W: Oxygen is an essential medicine: a call for international action. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010, 14:1362-1368.
• [129]Enarson P, La Vincente S, Gie R, Maganga E, Chokani C: Implementation of an oxygen concentrator system in district hospital paediatric wards throughout Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 2008, 86:344-348.
• [130]Campbell H, Duke T, Weber M, English M, Carai S, Tamburlini G: Global initiatives for improving hospital care for children: state of the art and future prospects. Pediatrics 2008, 121:e984-992.